Animal Culture And Its Effects On Human Culture - 1777 Words

Animal culture is studied through comparative studies between populations and locations, field observations, and laboratory experiments. It is important to be critical in evaluating the results of these studies because behaviors in artificial situations or captivity will be different than in the wild. Animals are likely to act differently when they are not in their natural environment. Behaviors will vary and the long lasting effects of the behaviors may not be visible (Lalaland, 2003). Evidence of non-human culture has been found in animals such as songbirds, whales, dolphins, primates, and ants. Non-human behaviors are seen as encompassing culture if they â€Å"meet certain conditions: the behavior must be practiced by multiple members of†¦show more content†¦Another important aspect about the cultural evidence is it was first observed in 1952 and eight generations later, in 2008, was still being observed in the wild monkeys. The monkeys on this island ‘develop beh avioral differences as a result of social learning rather than genetic variation’ (Matsuzawa, 2008: R588). The next study regarding primates was seen in 2010 while observing wild chimpanzees in Uganda, with cultural differences between two populations in different areas. The chimpanzees displayed different ways of utilizing tools around them to retrieve honey within the fallen logs around them. The Kibale Forest chimps used sticks while the Budongo Forest chimps utilized leaves sponges that were made from chewed leaves. To study the differences, researchers provided the monkeys with a task to retrieve honey out of an apparatus. Each group resorted to behaviors that they had been familiar with in the beginning, those from Kibale using sticks and Budongo resorting to leave sponges (Cell Press, 2010). Klause Zuberhuler (Cell Press, 2010) from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland noted that the reason for the differences in tools ‘was that chimpanzees resorted to pre existing cultural knowledge in trying to solve the novel task’ and that ‘culture helped them in dealing with this novel problem.’ The behaviors were specific to each population that they developed through socialShow MoreRelatedHumans’ Moral Obligation to Preserve Endangered Species1508 Words   |  7 PagesHumans’ Moral Obligation to Preserve Endangered Species Many species that exists today are becoming endangered to extinction. In the past era where humans did not exist, extinction occurred due to natural causes. On this present time however, extinction of species are threatened by humans’ existence. Humans are the only moral agent; in which, it has the intellectual capacity that animals and plants do not have. Thus, humans are powerful and dominate over any species. Many practices that humansRead MoreEcological Anthropology And Cultural Ecologist799 Words   |  4 PagesEcological Anthropology is the study of how humans cope with problems in their environment such as survival, reproduction, development, longevity or spatial positions of people (Moran, 2008). Ecological Anthropologist and Cultural Ecologist do not ascribe to environmental determinism instead they view the relationship between humans and the environment as more possibilistic, explaining that the â€Å"process† may result in alternative behaviors (Reitz and Wing, 2008; 14). The Historical Ecological perspectiveRead MoreCosmetic History And Facts About The Cosmetic Industry1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe cosmetic industry has become such an integral part of the human culture that it often goes on without notice. In the vast and various cultures across our planet cosmetics are used for multitudes of reasons from religious expression, camouflage for soldiers in combat, Hollywood sets, to getting ready for a date. In our culture the use of makeup is almost a rite of passage into young adulthood for young girls and their mothers. The one question that almost no one ask when they open the make-upRead MoreIs Art Important For Human Evolution?901 Words   |  4 PagesArt is crucial to human evolution because it is both a medium of expression that allows humans to evolve and is also key evidence of human evolution. The development and evolution of the human conscious has a direct correlation to the art created from each time period and has allowed researchers to interpret it, using it as a gateway into early human life. Art acts as a window into the minds and lifestyles of our ancestors. It has influenced the development, evolution, and the process of naturalRead MoreMusic Is a Unique Expression of the Human Condition1750 Words   |  7 PagesMusic is a unique expression of the human condition Music is an extremely important part of human life and has been part of human life for thousands of years. Music can be linked with many different art forms such as art and language; these too are distinct expressions of humans. This particular expression has survived and outlived ancient languages and could possibly be older than any form of language we know. It also serves the same purpose as language, to convey meaning. Music is a way of bringingRead MoreEssay on Animal Rights1148 Words   |  5 Pagesthere has a been an on going heated debate on whether experiments on animals for the benefit of medical and scientific research is ethical. Whether it is or isnt, most people believe that some form of cost-benefit test should be performed to determine if the action is right. The costs include: animal pain, distress and death where the benefits include the collection of new knowledge or the development of new medical therapies for humans. Looking into these different aspects of the experimentation, thereRead MoreAnimal Imagery In Fairy Tales1478 Words   |  6 Pages Historiographical Essay Over time, historians have interpreted the use of animal imagery in western folk and fairy tales as a means for providing entertainment and moral lessons to western society. However, many historians have different ideas about how animal imagery and stereotypes actually affect a society besides keeping away from wolves and bears and such. Dr. Jack Zipes, a professor of German and comparative literature, promotes in his paper, What Makes a Repulsive Frog So Appealing:Read MoreIs Animal Testing Bad or Good? 1196 Words   |  5 Pagessafe for human use. How? Animal testing. Since nearly 500 BC, research and testing on living animals for human purpose has introduced hundreds of new medicinal and cosmetic advances for the human race. While some may see the advantages, others see the concept as just completely inhumane and unnecessary. Why is there such a big divide? The reason, simply, is because of the lack of education on the issue. Being one of the most controversial issues in America today, many people believe animal testingRead MoreOur Physical And Ecological Environment That Shapes Our Society And Culture1184 Words   |  5 PagesIn this paper, I will argue between our physical and ecological environment that shapes our society and culture. First of all, we already have a firm scientific basis by which to assess the effect it has on the development of biology. For example, Darwinian science makes it clear that environment provides the driving force over long periods of time, longer than recorded of human cultural history. Darwin’s legendary Galapagos finches, with their beaks each adapted to the differing food sources onRead MoreHuman Primates, Humans, And Humans1679 Words   |  7 PagesHumans evolve from apelike ancestors approximately five million years ago. Most closely related to us are our non-human primates such as African great apes, chimpanzees and gorillas. Scientific studies reveal that more similar traits are being share by human and our non-human primates compared to other animals. As human evolve from our apelike ancestors, changes in our DNA differentiate ourselves from our non-human primate. Even though we evolve from our non-human ancestors and share similar anatomical

My Family And Family Life - 2777 Words

With the power of hindsight I have come to understand the effect that my family and family life has had on the person I was, on the person I am, and on the person I hope to eventually become. On the day of my birth, I was welcomed into that proverbial, â€Å"†¦it takes a village to raise a child†. I had two parents that loved me. Maternal grandparents that ensured that I knew the love of the Holy Trinity. Neighbors who looked after me. Close family friends that I would end up calling â€Å"Aunt† and Uncle†, while calling their children â€Å"Cousin†, though there was no blood relation. Unfortunately, my paternal grandparents had passed away before my birth, and yet family members on my father’s side were also considered to be a part of my â€Å"village†. As the first born boy, to the youngest daughter in the family, I was spoiled and coddled, especially by my grandparents. They lived about an hour away, so we were always making trips to visit and they in turn would make reciprocal trips. There were certain things that were expected and understood when you visited â€Å"Granny and Grandpa†. The most important thing, however, was that Sunday morning breakfast would be ready before Sunday school and Sunday Church service. I grew up knowing and loving the Lord in a Baptist faith primarily because of my grandparents. That is not to say that my parents were not practicing Christians, because they were, it just seems that my grandparents set the tone with respect to my religious upbringing. MyShow MoreRelatedMy Life With A Family869 Words   |  4 PagesEveryone can receive a family that loves and cares for them. I remember dreaming about what a forever family would be like. My parents were never around and most of the time I was left to take care of myself. The state took me from my parents when I was five years old. I have since lived with over ten different families. I never believed that I would be adopted and loved by a family. All in one day I received a new mom and dad, a new family, and a new home. The day I was adopted I had to go toRead MoreMy Family And My Life980 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen fifteen years since my parents and my brother Jack adopted me. I was only two then, but now i’m seventeen. I love my life, I have a happy, loving family, I live in a nice house on a farm in Maine, my brother Jack is my bestfriend but I also have other friends, and I have a boyfriend named Justin. I guess you could say my life is perfect. Expect there’s more to me than you think. I’m adopted and even though I love my life there is still a part of me that wants to find my birth parents and knowRead MoreMy Life With My Family852 Words   |  4 PagesVirginia and raised in Suffolk, Virginia; my life has been spent in both country and city. Even though I was schooled in Suffolk, majority of my family had settled in Wakefield, Virginia; which the place I always recognized as home. 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Our life was a little bit hard, everyone in the family is always busy, my mom went to work most of the time and my dad, too. My sister and me we both have school during the day and tutoring class after school. Sometimes, I only see my mom twice a week even though she is home everyday at midnight because of her busy work. My dad is in charged of taking me to school and picking me up after tutoring class, but he also have his jobRead MoreMy Family : My Life1303 Words   |  6 Pageswill never get a boyfriend dressing like that.† I rolled my eyes, Emma could be so annoying at times, when will she realize basketball is my passion, my life. Emma was almost always wearing a dress Emma was short and she had long, flowing blond hair and brown eyes, she also had skin as white as the moon. I on the other hand had long black dreads, and blue eyes. My Mom was white and my Dad is black making me bi-racial. I was also extr emely tall. My Dad was the one who introduced me to basketball, he worksRead MoreMy Family And My Life950 Words   |  4 PagesI was born in Mexico, and raised in a Christian environment, where some of my uncles and aunts are pastors, and most of my family members serve at church. I am the youngest of two brothers and a sister. My mom used to take us to church since I remember. She also used to read us Bible stories to teach us values such as service, perseverance, discipline, faith, hope, love, kindness, honesty and humility. Mom always taught us that with hard work accompanied by perseverance, we could do all things weRead MoreMy Life Of My Family1055 Words   |  5 PagesI had something great in my life occur, surprisingly. One day when I was sitting at our home in the kitchen, I started to think about marriage. I felt that I was about the right age to become married. My grandparents were siblings and married, while my parents were siblings and married. I felt then that it might be a good idea to get married then to one of my sisters. The reason this happened was because it made the land stay in our family’s ownership. Both of my sisters were definitely beautifulRead MoreMy Family And My Life1118 Words   |  5 Pages On January 17, 2016, my family and myself travelled about two hours to a small town called Yantis in east Texas. The elder s of our family would always get together multiple times a year to catch up and see each other since they were getting to an age where they can’t depend on themselves being here on this Earth. Out of the seven or eight senior members of the family, two or three had already passed by this time. Our Uncle Charles was not looking good either, over the past few months he went fromRead MoreMy Life With My Family999 Words   |  4 PagesMy life with my family has been a never ending rollercoaster that I want to get off of. For as long as I could remember, my mother and father have had the same ongoing problem. When I was younger I never understood what was going on. I was only a little girl who loved her parents with everything she had. It would always confuse me how I had other brothers and sisters that weren t my mom’s children. I would always ask questions about the kids that would come over and call my dad, dad. I would constantly

Business Economics Perfect Market Structure

Question: Discuss about the Business Economics for Perfect Market Structure. Answer: 1. The companies invest on the product differentiation with the expectation of improving the quality and minimizing product cost. It is difficult for a company to remain in the competition without involvement in the product differentiation activities. Generally, the reason behind an appropriate expenditure on product differentiation is to enhance the market share and achieve the economic growth. Along with this, the purpose of this is also discovering the new materials and manufacturing techniques that bring down costs. The use of a new technology in the product directly leads to reduce the cost of the production and it also improves the profit of the firm (Christopher, 2016). Research and development (RD) process is an important aspect in the product differentiation process. In this, it does not matter that the firm is related to which market structure. The term product differentiation is related to the marketing of the product that represents the differences between different products. Differentiation process makes a product more attractive through the focusing on its unique qualities. A successful product differentiation provides a competitive advantage to the firms with a high customer base. It also allows the company to leads in the market with high price. For example, a chocolate business may differentiate its products from other brands in terms of test and quality (Estampe, et al., 2013). But, a car manufacturer may differentiate its products with focusing on cost saving and fuel efficient. A perfect market structure focuses the differentiation strategy through the improvement in the quality and designs of the product that enables to achieve competitive advantage in the market without reducing its price. In the perfect competition, it is possible that differentiation strategy may imitate by the competitor because, it includes a large number of the supplier in the market (Bustinza, et al., 2013). Along with this, the business is uncertain and dynamic activity. One product does not run for a long period. After some time, the latest model takes the place of them. In the perfect market competition, the once-off expenditure on product differentiation is significant in term of the achieving economic profit in the future. The situation of the profit can be seen only in the short run. It is because, after the sometimes, the differentiation strategy is adopted by the competitors and the opportunities of the profit are divided to all (Hines, 2014). In economic term, the successful product differentiation process is inconsistent with the situation of the market. It demands of the product remains according to the latest feature in the products. On the other hand, in the monopoly market structure, product differentiation strategy provides the guarantee of the economic profit in the future. In this, the degree of the competition is very low. So that, chances of product imitate remain minimum. In the monopoly market, there is only one supplier of the particular product and the firm can also be called industry. In this, once-off expenditure on the product differentiation is required a lot of money but along with this, it provides an expectation of the high profit in the future (Baldwin and Scott, 2013). The demand for the product remains high due to the quality of the product is rare. Due to this, in the monopoly market, the supplier has full control on the price, which directly benefit can be seen as good profit in the future (Carraro, et al., 2013). In the context of the oligopoly market structure, a few suppliers are presented in the market for a particular product. In this market structure, once-off expenditure on product differentiation affects the whole the completion in the market. It provides benefits in the monetary terms. Due to a few competitors in the market, the action of a firms product differentiation activities affects the others (Kumar and Siddharthan, 2013). The customer expectation changes with the time moving that companies cannot ignore. A firms obligation is that complete the customer expectation. That is why; companies take the action of the product differentiation to make the better product. It also enables the company to find a way of saving the cost of the production. Once off investment on the production differentiation provides the guarantee in the economic profit in the future but, it is not in the long term because, it is certain that the demand for the particular product always remained nil after som e time (Chung, et al., 2013). Product differentiation is a significant feature of the monopolistic market structure. It ensures both the customer and firm that product is different from another competitors product in the market. It provides better margin opportunities to the firms. A better quality product always offers high-profit margin opportunities compared to low quality and pricing strategy (Shao, 2015). But in this, it is essential that the potential customer should able to pay high amount against to better quality. A good margin makes easy to cover the total cost of the product for the manufacture. Along with this, once-off expenditure on the product differentiation is able to sustain the demand of the product in the market. It is because; the continuous development and appropriate price are able to retain the customers. The product differentiation strategy is better than to reduce the price of the product for attracting the customer because the low price includes the risk of creating the price orientatio n and reducing the goodwill of the product (Davcik and Sharma, 2015). From the above discussion, it can be concluded that it is difficult to judge and analysis the flow of customer expectation in the market but customer expectation can be fulfilled through the product differentiation strategy. It provides opportunities to retain potential customers with the new customers. It is also able to reduce the cost of the production with the development of new techniques and material in the production. It benefit can be seen as profit maximization of the firm. But at the same time, dynamic activities in the business environment affect the demand for every product after some time (Ahlin and Ahlin, 2013). Hence, it can be said that once-off expenditure on the product differentiation provides the guarantee of the economic profit in the future but not for a long time. 2. In labor market structure, employment and wages vary across countries. Decentralized labor markets are set in countries where flexible wages can be noticed such as the United Kingdom, United States. However, Germany, France, and Italy have inflexible wages which put centralized labor markets for these countries (Jorgenson, Gollop, and Fraumeni, 2016). Wage rates for individuals may differ across occupations and industries and within occupations and industries due to various factors namely industrial geographic location, size, unionization, and ownership such as private or government own company. Market imperfection also results in wage differentiation. Along with the knowledge and skills of the employee, performance, and passion is to be considered for setting wages. Single occupational wages can also be dissimilar. As illustrated, earning of 10 percent computer programmers was $17.19 per hour or less in 2004, while total earning was noted $42.07 per hour or more for top 10 percent computer programmers (Ehrenberg, and Smith, 2016). A person who has many years of experience is seen as good, high productivity and skill level of an employee. Experienced and in-demand skill workers earn more in comparison to the lack of experience and skill worker in a similar occupation. Inter-firm differentials include workers different wages in the same area as well as occupation. Some of the factors like labor employed quality differences by different firms, labor market imperfections and equipment efficiency differences and supervision results in wage differences among inter-firm (Holley, Ross, and Wolters, 2016). Technological advancement differences, financial capacity of the firm along with its size and raw material availability, managerial efficiency, transport and power facilities also results in wage differences among firms. Moreover, some of the occupations or employers pay high as compared to other due to differences in educational and training requirements, professional degree, and a certificate is defined as the human capital of the firm. Because education and training limit the labor supply which results in a time-consuming process in order to have accomplished and necessitate skill at a certain level (Forssbaeck, and Oxelheim, 2014). Additionally, regional differences refer to the different working condition of workers in similar occupation at the different geographical region. For instance, employees of central government involved in distributed and remote areas of North Eastern States of India are benefited by Remote Area Allowance as additional remuneration. This wage differential is used as a strategy to serve in particular regions as to attract people (Mann, 2012). Inter-Industry differences refer as working of workers in the similar occupation in the same area with industries differences. The unstable requirement of skill, unionization level, product market nature, industrys development stage and the ability of payment results in these differences. Determining the worker's demand for particular services and product is one of the factors that differentiate wage rates. For example, if highly desirable services are provided by a worker then one will be paid higher as compared to low service providers (De Grauwe, 2016). Sometimes, skills and ability significantly affect wage potential of an individual. For instance, one who is producing best music is preferred more than one who is producing average music. Personal wage differences arise due to various characteristics of a person in the same occupation. Many times, in spite provision of equal pay for equal work, women are paid lesser as compared to men. Employer or industry is another factor responsible for workers wage differences. In addition to this, dominance in market, employer success, business culture, and customers are all some of the cause which influences willing pay power towards its employees (Cosar, Guner, and Tybout, 2016). A less income is paid to commercial wealth manager in comparison of wealth manager working with the organization that only focuses on customers of high net worth. Job performance and success of a person may also responsible for wage differentiation (high or low) in the occupation. As illustrated, successful salesperson of a company can earn $1, 50,000 yearly as compared with a less successful salesperson who only earn $95,000. Besides this, trade unions and their shared bargaining power greatly offset the employer power in an organization to set a desired and markup wages for the employees in comparison to the non-union members (Asplund, 2013). Government intervention includes economic stability, allocation of resources, monopolies regulation, income and wealth distribution, monopolies and oligopolies regulation, and externalities. Government intervention influences greater equality to improve opportunity and outcomes equality in redistribution of wealth as well as income within the society which seems to be fairer for all (Hirsch, Kaufman, and Zelenska, 2015). Intervention can result in the promotion of competition along with monopolies regulations. The growth of monopoly power cannot be seen without government intervention for an economy. Governments intervene can have a combination of social welfare maximization, macro, and social economic factors. If there is no regulation, negative externalities can be practiced by a business which will result in minimized trade, limited innovation, and diminished resources. At the time of inflation, and recession government intervenes by money supply manipulation helps to minimize the impact of economic forces (De Grauwe, 2016). Additionally, employment law for protecting public and to ensure issues related to health for the customers are socio-economic factors taken care by the government. Also, various macroeconomic interventions are implemented to reduce unemployment and recession from the country. Inherited wealth can be practiced by the help of wealth tax as this will help to reduce richest wealth and revenue and will contribute in educating poor people of society which results in positive externality (Moscarini, and Postel-Vinay, 2016). Government intervene takes place in the form of taxation and money to negate the dangerous effects of negative externality in the society. This is for those people who do not bear the full cost in an economical transaction. Large-scale endeavors are anticipated by a government to ensure cost reduction and economies of scale (Ehrenberg, and Smith, 2016). Also, it ensures that development of projects will not result in damaging social costs such as pollution and monopoly for the society. References Ahlin, C. and Ahlin, P.D. (2013). Product differentiation under congestion: Hotelling was right. Economic Inquiry, 51(3), 1750-1763. Asplund, R. (2013). Human Capital Creation in an Economic Perspective. Germany: Springer Science Business Media. Baldwin, W. and Scott, J. (2013). Market structure and technological change. UK: Taylor Francis. Bustinza, F., O., Parry, C. and Vendrell-Herrero, F. (2013). Supply and demand chain management: The effect of adding services to product offerings. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 18(6), 618-629. Carraro, C., Katsoulacos, Y. and Xepapadeas, A. eds. (2013). Environmental policy and market structure. Germany: Springer Science Business Media. Christopher, M. (2016). Logistics supply chain management. UK: Pearson Higher Ed. Chung, H.L., Lin, Y.S. and Hu, J.L. (2013). Bundling strategy and product differentiation. Journal of Economics, 108(3), 207-229. Cosar, A. K., Guner, N., and Tybout, J. (2016). Firm dynamics, job turnover, and wage distributions in an open economy.The American Economic Review,106(3), 625-663. Davcik, N.S. and Sharma, P. (2015). Impact of product differentiation, marketing investments and brand equity on pricing strategies: A brand level investigation. European Journal of Marketing, 49(6), 760-781. De Grauwe, P. (2016).Economics of monetary union. UK: Oxford university press. Ehrenberg, R. G., and Smith, R. S. (2016).Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy. UK: Routledge. Estampe, D., Lamouri, S., Paris, J.L. and Brahim-Djelloul, S. (2013). A framework for analysing supply chain performance evaluation models. International Journal of Production Economics, 142(2), 247-258. Forssbaeck, J., and Oxelheim, L. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Economic and Institutional Transparency. UK: Oxford University Press. Hines, T. (2014). Supply chain strategies: demand driven and customer focused. Routledge. Hirsch, B. T., Kaufman, B. E., and Zelenska, T. (2015). Minimum wage channels of adjustment.Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society,54(2), 199-239. Holley, W., Ross, W., and Wolters, R. (2016). The Labor Relations Process. USA: Cengage Learning. Jorgenson, D., Gollop, F. M., and Fraumeni, B. (2016).Productivity and US economic growth. Netherlands: Elsevier. Kumar, N. and Siddharthan, N.S. (2013). Technology, Market Structure and Internationalization: Issues and Policies for Developing Countries. UK: Routledge. Mann, G. (2012). Our Daily Bread: Wages, Workers, and the Political Economy of the American West. USA: UNC Press Books. Moscarini, G., and Postel-Vinay, F. (2016). Wage posting and business cycles: A quantitative exploration.Review of Economic Dynamics,19, 135-160. Shao, X.F. (2015). Product differentiation design under sequential consumer choice process. International Journal of Production Research, 53(8), 2342-2364.

The Highway free essay sample

On the Road just gave me the itch. The itch to abandon the glum ho-hum life set before me for a life on the road, tackling the wondrous world and getting my kicks. I believe author Jack Kerouac would agree that being on the road is more about being a madman for your dreams than actually hitchhiking your way to Frisco and back just to hear some maniacal pianist shake and quiver as he pounds the keys into sawdust in a broken-down saloon off Market Street. It’s the itch that drives you to seek and experiment and explore, whether it’s that crazy world around you or those thick books written by Wolfe and Hemingway you’ve got but never had the courage to tackle. Kerouac and his road buddies traveled up and down the Eastern seaboard, through the Midwest and California to escape their dull lives. Jack and Dean and Carlo Marx just wanted to feel the beat, that jazz they loved so much, and the road beneath them. We will write a custom essay sample on The Highway or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The crazy wild-eyed excitement, the raging energy of Dean Moriarty tears at your soul and makes you want to be like him – even though he’s one tragic cat. Maybe you don’t want to find yourself still on the road when you’re 45 – dying of alcoholism – but you never want to lose that mad-eyed fervor you felt way back when. I can see a life ahead of me, one Kerouac would have been proud of. I can see myself in the back of that old Greyhound bus coming out of Port Authority. I’ve got my battered copy of On the Road in one hand and a one-way ticket in the other. I can see the Hudson River lit by a sad orange dusk from the corner of my eye – it flows polluted, the water swelling and shrinking like the crescendos and decrescendos of some lost jazz musician’s trumpet singing sweet â€Å"EE-yah† and â€Å"EEE-de-lee-yah† into the hollowed-out subways. The bus grumbles and roars onto the dark highway, bound for Chicago, the dividing point of East and West, my past and future. But then if I followed that road I wouldn’t be myself, just another Kerouac wannabe, wishing I were growing up with those young Beats. So I guess I’ll just have to take in Kerouac’s uncontrollable passionate soul and leave out the hitchhike to Frisco, the ragged clothes and nights spent in the back of a flatbed staring up at the big sky of Wyoming. As Kerouac hooted – his eyes nearly popping from their sockets – in the midst of one of his mad conversations with Carlo Marx, â€Å"I had nothing to offer anyone except my own confusion.† I could tell you that Jack was right, but it wouldn’t matter. Kerouac’s confusion is a beautiful confusion that gives you the clarity to do what you never thought possible. One day, I will find myself looking into that dark highway – that endless stretch blanketed by the shadowy unknown – I’ll carry On the Road like a bible and I will know that Kerouac gave me the feverish energy to keep traveling through the night. On the Road is more than a book to me; it’s a muse.

Babbitt Essay Research Paper BabbittIf one were free essay sample

Babbitt Essay, Research Paper BabbittIf one were to look at the words of any modern lexicon they would happen amongst them the word Babbitt. If one were to peek, nevertheless at a lexicon from the early portion of this century, the word Babbitt would non look. The word Babbitt means # 8220 ; a ego satisfied individual who conforms readily to conventional in-between category thoughts and ideals, particularly of concern and stuff success # 8221 ; ( Websters New Universal Unabridged Dictionary, 106 ) . The word Babbitt, and its subsequent significance, comes from the 1922 novel by Sinclair Lewis, Babbitt. It is a novel which shows a transverse subdivision of American middle category life through the eyes of the ultimate conformist, George F. Babbitt. By turning Babbitt # 8217 ; s name into a noun # 8220 ; a name has been given to that which people recognize as true to their experience of life, but which they hadn # 8217 ; t realized in any tangible manner before # 8221 ; ( Love 12 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Babbitt Essay Research Paper BabbittIf one were or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Just analysing Babbitt himself nevertheless, is non plenty if one wishes to truly acknowledge the beauty of Lewis # 8217 ; s work. One must dig deeper, under the surface, beyond Babbitt # 8217 ; s personality, to bring out the methods, and the grounds behind Lewis # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; madness # 8221 ; . What must be explored in Lewis # 8217 ; s work is, why was Babbitt created the manner he was, and why has he go such a paradigm of American middle category life? To truthfully, and accurately reply these inquiries one must cognize who George F. Babbitt was, who Sinclair Lewis was, the historical context of the 1920 # 8217 ; s, and most significantly what Lewis wanted out of Babbitt. George F. Babbitt is a adult male without an individuality. His # 8220 ; individualism # 8221 ; has been imposed on him by a universe of other things. # 8220 ; Just as he was an Elk, a Booster, and a member of the chamber of commercialism, merely as the priests of the Presbyterian Church determin ed his every spiritual belief and the Senators who controlled the Republican party decided in small smoky suites in Washington what he should believe about disarming, duty, and Germany, so did the big national advertizers fix the surface of his life, repair what he believed to be his individualism # 8221 ; ( 30 ) . Babbitt is a adult male who does everything based on how it will look to others. He urgently wants his boy, Theodore Roosevelt Babbitt, to go to a existent university, even though he himself confesses to hold learned nil utile at college. Babbitt wants his boy to travel to college for all the incorrect grounds, he wants to be given the prestigiousness of holding a boy in a all right State establishment ( Love 53 ) . He will make anything for his boy, every bit long as he is given proper recognition ( 219 ) . Babbitt lends much of his clip and energy to the Sunday school at the Church. This, nevertheless does non come about because of Babbitt # 8217 ; s selfless nature, instead he wants the # 8220 ; congratulations and good reputation # 8221 ; that comes with being involved in the church ( 219 ) . Babbitt # 8217 ; s main features are # 8220 ; shouting backslapping and self witting maleness # 8221 ; ( Light 77 ) . Babbitt feels that he must prosecute in such infantile manoeuvres so that everyone is assured of his # 8220 ; ginger, clout, vision, hearty Americanism # 8221 ; ( Schorer 327 ) . Babbitt # 8217 ; s chief end is power, anyhow he can acquire to it. He does non desire to be the mean in-between category adult male, he wants to be like the bank president ( and his close friend ) William Washington Eathorne. He wants to be # 8220 ; pleasurably, strictly, in cold blood powerful # 8221 ; ( 218 ) . For Babbitt concern represents the exclusive intent of life. # 8220 ; At his in-between category degree concern non merely thrives but it is the main cultural characteristic # 8221 ; ( Schorer 327 ) . Babbitt sees his life as the new moving r idge of America. To Babbitt the in-between category man of affairs is taking over the state. He sees himself as something of a romantic hero ( Light 74 ) . # 8220 ; The romantic hero was no longer the knight, the roving poet, the cowboy, the aeronaut, nor the brave immature territory lawyer, but instead the great gross revenues director # 8221 ; ( 143 ) . Babbitt, nevertheless is neither a hero, nor a sentimentalist. He lives in a closed universe, like his ain small snake pit ( Schorer 333 ) . His house is everything a house in the in-between category Floral Heights should be. # 8221 ; The sleeping room a modest and pleasant colour strategy, after one of the best criterions designs of the interior designer who did the insides for most of the bad builders # 8217 ; houses in Zenith [ Babbitt s darling town ] # 8230 ; there was a dressing tabular array of solid Ag and a standard bedside book with coloured illustrations-what peculiar book it was can non be ascertained, since no 1 h ad of all time opened it. The Mattresses were exultant modern mattresses which had cost a great trade of money. It was a chef-doeuvre among sleeping rooms, right out of the Cheerful Modern Houses for Medium Incomes. Merely it had nil to make with the Babbitt # 8217 ; s nor with any one else. If people had of all time lived and loved here, read thrillers at midnight, and lain in beautiful laziness on a Sunday forenoon there were no marks of it. It had the air of being a really good room in a really good hotel. Every 2nd house in Floral Heights had a sleeping room exactly like this one # 8221 ; ( 16 ) . Babbitt is a simple conformist. Platitudes needfully come along with a conformist, and Babbitt # 8217 ; s pick of words is no exclusion. # 8221 ; Clich s are the lone words a Babbitt type daring to utilize to show their emotions. Their misinterpretation of emotion is what makes them amusing, monstrous and unsafe # 8221 ; ( Light 78 ) . He can non even cover with his girl # 8217 ; s wish to make societal philanthropic work, without ptyalizing out clich after clich from the # 8220 ; cuneuss of socialism # 8221 ; , to # 8220 ; Now look you here! # 8221 ; ( Light 17 ) . Babbitt is ever looking for the failings of his friends ( Love 20 ) . This comes from his demand to be the best of his clump, before he moves on to a more sophisticated crowd. Babbitt really evaluates people # 8220 ; by tabling their ownerships # 8221 ; ( Light 76 ) . When Babbitt is able to blend with the upper category it becomes his compulsion, and as he retells the narratives of his jaunts his relationships with the rich become more profound. For illustration, when Sir Gerald Doake of Manchester was in Zenith he barely noticed Babbitt # 8217 ; s being. On a alone concern trip to Chicago, nevertheless Doake opted to interrupt the humdrum, and he got intoxicated with Babbitt, one could name it a one dark base. To Babbitt, nevertheless a life long friendly relationship had begun. Babbitt pictured himself, by opportunity, knocking into the Mcelvey, his college buddy who had moved up in the universe. Babbitt fantasized of stating Mcelvey. # 8221 ; I had a just clip in Chicago, ran around with Sir Gerald Doake a batch # 8230 ; Jerry # 8217 ; s an old friend of mine-the married woman and I are believing of running over to England to remain with Jerry in his palace, following twelvemonth # 8221 ; ( 248 ) . Babbitt lived for such brushs where he could demo up his friends, particularly comfortable 1s like Mcelvey. # 8220 ; Babbitt was virtuous the manner society said he should be # 8221 ; ( Love 48 ) . # 8220 ; He advocated, though he did non pattern, the prohibition of intoxicant ; he praised, though he did non obey, the Torahs against motor hurrying ; he paid his debts ; he contributed to the church the Red Cross and the YMCA ; he followed the usage of his kin and cheated merely as it was sanctified by case in point # 8221 ; ( 41 ) . Along these same lines Babbi tt was non unreasonably honest. In one subdivision he gives a joging address on the virtuousnesss of honestness, throwing out clich after clich. Yet in the following breath he swindles a hapless tradesman out of 1000s of dollars. His moral codification is derived from The Puritan concern ethic # 8220 ; which encourages matter-of-fact determinations which so fatigue the scruples # 8221 ; ( Light 82 ) . long wth the tensenesss Babbitt feels to do big amounts of money, he besides feels the tensenesss of societal mounting. Babbitt along with his other metropolitan in-between category friends would wish to come in the societal category of the rich ( Light 82 ) . Babbitt besides feels matrimonial tensenesss as he desires many other adult females, yet he could neer # 8221 ; hazard reputability # 8221 ; by rip offing on Myra. This prospective loss of reputability is the exclusive ground for his continued fidelity to his married woman ( Light 82 ) . This is a perfect illustration of how Babbitt # 8217 ; s ethical motives work. He does non make up ones mind for himself whether things are right, or incorrect, instead he acts based on what society expects from him. Bbbitt speaks of ruddy blooded household oriented America. A topographic point where the # 8220 ; ideal citizen is busier than a bird Canis familiaris at his profession # 8230 ; so he lights up a good cigar and shoots out place to be with the household # 8230 ; Then he goes merrily to bed his scruples clear, holding contributed his touch to the prosperity of the metropolis and to his ain bank history # 8221 ; ( 181-2 ) . # 8220 ; Yet in world Babbitt sleeps fitfully and dreams of flight and rebellion # 8221 ; ( Light 83 ) . Babbitt has neer done anything to do himself, instead than society, happy ( Schorer 329 ) . # 8221 ; He is comfortable but disquieted desiring passionately to prehend something more than motor autos and a house before it is excessively late # 8221 ; ( Light 77 ) . Babbitt can no n further a true temperament because he does non cognize what individualism is. He dreams ever of a faery kid, # 8220 ; a life with a small commotion of love affair and hazard # 8221 ; ( Love 48 ) . The faery kid is neer described nevertheless, because he does non cognize what this commotion of love affair, and peril mean. The faery kid is non needfully a adult female, although Babbitt originally assumes that it is. Babbitt # 8217 ; s discontentedness with life shows us his interior motives and desires. A simple glimpse at Babbitt # 8217 ; s forenoon modus operandi shows merely how fast his defeat is mounting. His forenoon begins with his # 8220 ; crossness about the moisture towels in the bathroom, and the small balls of toast, and the socialist menace and his rebellious and bickering kids. Soon so early in the twenty-four hours we hear the great explosion of weariness: Oh Godhead sometimes I # 8217 ; vitamin Ds like to discontinue the hole game. And the office concern and it em merely as bad. And I act so damn cranky and I don # 8217 ; t intend to, but I get so darned tired ( Light 81 ) . Conformity can be really palling. Even through the morass of conformance, which Babbitt represents there is a surprise. Babbitt is able to interrupt away from the standardised being, merely a small, when the clip comes ( Light 77 ) . # 8220 ; What Babbitt feels and thinks is what it is presently proper to experience and believe. Merely one time during the two old ages that we have him under position, does he venture upon an thought that is even remotely original # 8211 ; and that clip [ Babbitt s effort to liberalise himself ] the unorthodoxy about ruins him. The lesson you may be certain is non lost upon him. No idea will of all time acquire a lodgement in his head, even in the wildest crazes following moonshine gin, that will offer discourtesy to the primnesss of Vergil Gunch, President of the Boosters nine, or to those of old Mr. Eathorne, president of the First State Bank # 8230 ; Babbitt has been rolled through the factory. He emerges the really theoretical account and form of a forward looking, right believing Americano # 8221 ; ( Mencken 22 ) . The immoralities of society, with all of its equal force per unit areas did non let Babbitt to alter his ways. Babbitt # 8217 ; s destiny seems to state that under present conditions nil will of all time be achieved. Babbitt did trail the faery kid. He tried to hold a stable loving relationship with another adult female and, on the other extreme, he went wild and slept with as many adult females as he perchance could. However, # 8220 ; it is Babbitt # 8217 ; s destine itself, an dry acknowledgment that all his longings and aspirations and efforts to get away hold gone for naught # 8221 ; , which shows us who Babbitt truly became. Babbitt # 8217 ; s destiny is # 8220 ; a decision in which nil is concluded # 8221 ; ( Love 50 ) . At the terminal of the novel the world of his married woman # 8217 ; s appendectomy breaks his phantasy, but non all is lost. Babbitt knows that he will ever be a conformist, but he now knows that he has a opportunity to interrupt the rhythm with his boy. He can give his boy a opportunity to catch the # 8220 ; fairy child # 8221 ; . It seems as if the anti # 8211 ; Babbitt is talking in the last lines of the novel when he says to his boy # 8221 ; Take your mill occupation if you want to. Don # 8217 ; t be scared of the household. No, nor all of Zenith. Nor of yourself, the manner I # 8217 ; ve been. Go in front, old adult male! The universe is yours! # 8221 ; ( 326 ) . Babbitt is so wondrous alive that you can # 8217 ; t maintain your eyes off him ( Love 18 ) . To seek and understand how, and why Sinclair Lewis created a character the likes of Babbitt 1 must understand Sinclair Lewis himself, with all his elaboratenesss. Lewis lived in the metropolis but yearned for the simplenesss of the countryside, much like Babbitt ( Love 11 ) . Lewis was ever fighting for the natural rights of adult male to be bestowed on everyone, a rareness in the large metropolis. In some of Lewis # 8217 ; s old plants, before Babbitt, he championed these rights before the American populace. For illustration in The Job Lewis portrayed a female character, Una Goldin, seeking to happen an classless profession. In Main Street Carol Kennicot spends her life seeking for the rights which she feels that she, as a human being, deserves ( Love 8 ) . There are certain inalienable rights, which apply to all people, which Lewis felt society was non allowing. Lewis was a adult male of many passions. Among them # 8220 ; were wit, and workmanship, but above all a poetic passion for his state # 8221 ; ( West 23 ) . Lewis was a adult male who as a popular ironist defied his times. # 8220 ; while our greatest amusing author, Mark Twain, was capable of shriveling sarcasm, he was neer loved for it in his ain times, nor in ours for that affair. Much of Twain # 8217 ; s most annihilating sarcasm was either suppressed by him or ignored by his readers. It is as a humourist that he is best remembered. Similarly great ironists like H.L. Mencken # 8217 ; s satire were deemed to erudite by society. Lewis on the other manus gave Americans acetum and made them like it # 8221 ; ( Love 14 ) . The illustriousness of Lewis # 8217 ; s effort is admired by many as a discovery in American literature, every bit good as something of an mystery. # 8221 ; Lewis is a paradox. He gets off with stating America their mistakes even though Americans are self witting of all unfavorable judgment. Everything is right because we did it. Lewis cryings of the goons of our Klu-Klux-Klan to demo the cruel faces beneath the masks. Yet he is able to boom # 8221 ; ( Lovett 32 ) . Lewis holds his audiences by the importance of his message instead than wit. Lewis in fact writes his sarcasm out of his letdown in his darling state. He is composing in denouncement o f ugliness, in simple black and white ( West 23 ) . A direct consequence of Lewis # 8217 ; letdown with his state was his inability to perpetrate himself or his characters to the new America. Lewis was influenced by the nine -teenth century # 8217 ; s progressive heritage of E. Bellamy in Looking Backwards. # 8220 ; Lewis and his characters project the hope that America could subsume the metropolis and machine civilisation into the traditional democratic model, without giving pastoral values # 8221 ; ( Love 10-11 ) . Sinclair Lewis was a adult male on a mission. Previous to Babbitt he had written sarcasms on everything from the organisation of God, or the Church, to the medical field. By 1921. nevertheless Lewis was sensitive of unfavorable judgment that he was reiterating himself, so he launched himself on a trade name new enterprise ( Light 77 ) . Lewis delved into himself to make a chef-doeuvre for the ages. Lewis # 8217 ; s nature was to compose sarcasm on American values, and the recognized thoughts of his epoch. Although there may be some over-lap to modern-day times, Lewis lived and was composing about the sensational decennary of the mid-twentiess. The coevals in which Lewis was composing, nevertheless, was non his. Lewis was someway able to accomplish celebrity in a coevals which wanted to disregard him, every bit good as his coevalss. This epoch, of drastic alteration, favored younger authors like Hemmingway, Fitzgerald and Don Passo s ( Love 9 ) . Lewis endurance, burying his success, is an mystery in itself. Lewis was inexorable that his novel be a microcosm of American middle category life. he hence did extended research for Babbitt. # 8220 ; From his notes he was able to set into the book a mass of accurate item about apparels, houses, trappingss, autos, nines, existent estate endeavors, and conventions. Therefore we have great assurance in Babbitt typicality in regard to things and sentiments: his toothpaste and bath towels, his grey suit, and his eyeglassess, the contents ofd his pockets, his supporter nine button ; and his indecisive and inconclusive treatment with his married woman Myra about the pick of suits, his concerns for his tummy, the sentiments he gleans from his newspaper # 8217 ; s columns, his contempt for socialist fomenters, and his religion in the strength of the towers of Zenith # 8211 ; all of these observations we are delighted to acknowledge as true # 8221 ; ( Light 80 ) . Through this extended research Lewis found a shallow mercenary universe in a province o f craze, which feared the reds, and a workers revolution, as if it was the pestilence ( Love 7 ) . The fact that Babbitt begins in 1920 is of utmost significance. 1920 is a satiric preliminary to a decennary of dizzying and mindless economic enlargement and compulsion. # 8220 ; Babbitt is the heroic poem of our roar old ages and it remains today as the major certification in literature of American concern civilization # 8221 ; ( Schorer 327 ) . When Lewis delved into the society, of the # 8216 ; roar # 8217 ; old ages, he uncovered awful intolerance of anyone who looked, acted, or thought otherwise. The ill-famed instance of the Italians, Sacco and Vanzetti is a perfect illustration of this sheer intolerance. # 8220 ; They were killed for holding unpopular sentiments. It was a systematic development of foreign blood, their imperfect cognition of English, their unpopular societal positions, and their resistance to the war, is what led to their slayings # 8221 ; ( Love 4 ) . Fur thermore the now ill-famed Klu # 8211 ; Klux # 8211 ; Klan was started at this clip with their end being # 8220 ; native, white, Protestant, domination # 8221 ; ( Love 5 ) . Along with the intolerance, of the mid-twentiess, Lewis besides found a great trade of lip service. Nothing embodies this better than peoples attitudes towards prohibition. Prohibition represented a lip service and blind which manifested the decennary ( Love 6 ) . Babbitt himself applauds the amendment, but so goes out imbibing as if he is above it. Lewis besides felt that people were really hypocritical in their political thoughts, and he illustrated this features within Babbitt. Babbitt speaks of the United States # 8217 ; neutrality with contradictions merely a adult male with many sets of engraved thoughts could express when he says # 8220 ; We got no concern interfering with the Irish, or any other foreign authorities ; still it # 8217 ; s beyond me why we don # 8217 ; t merely measure in there [ Ru ssia ] and kick those Bolshevik cusses out # 8221 ; ( Light 80 ) . It is clear that the many contradictions which represented the mid-twentiess clearly annoyed the more mature Lewis. The Twenties besides represented the beginning of a more unfastened society, like the one we have today. Through the innovation of the wireless # 8220 ; people could now hear everything that was traveling on # 8221 ; , all over the universe ( Love 5 ) . By the clip Theodore Dreiser finished his work, An American Tragedy, sex was an unfastened and respectable topic. The manner was being paved to sexual honestness ( Love 7 ) . Along these same lines the mid-twentiess represented the gradual Ascension of adult females # 8217 ; s hemlines. Womans could now vote, and there were many new occupations opening up for adult females ( Love 6 ) . The old restraints of the earlier decennaries were coming away. You could no longer # 8220 ; maintain # 8216 ; em down on the farm # 8221 ; , so people like George F. Babbitt moved to the large metropoliss ( Love 41-2 ) . Furthermore people were no longer every bit committed to the church. Rather the church was merely used for societal intents, it had become known as the establishment of God # 8221 ; ( Love 7 ) . Babbitt, who was Mr. 1920 used the church merely as a vehicle to run into powerful people, therefore bodying societies actions. Even in visible radiation of all the alterations # 8220 ; in-between category America still, as Babbitt was to demo, was surety to a series of clannish beliefs powerful plenty to find their pleasances every bit good as their duties # 8221 ; ( Love 41 ) . Lewis was looking on the scene right when the emperors new apparels where eventually vanishing ( Love 42 ) . Society was quickly altering right before Lewis # 8217 ; s horrified eyes. Lewis was a adult male who cared profoundly for the universe. He was disappointed, nevertheless, as to the bend the universe was taking. He hence created Babbitt, which beca me a paradigm for many coevalss to come. What nevertheless did Lewis privation to make, in doing Babbitt, and what did he desire to carry through? Sinclair Lewis wanted to # 8220 ; debamboozle American society # 8221 ; , he wanted to the portray the confusion in which Americans ran their lives ( Lovett 34 ) . Lewis desired to accurately portray American center category life. He coveted diging into the freshly found # 8216 ; civilization # 8217 ; of concern. However # 8220 ; Lewis did non simply want to demo the typical baron, synonymous with corruptness. The baron was fiction. The powerful maker, the huge speculator, the fabulous moneyman, the sovereign of tremendous endeavors, was merely a myth. Lewis wanted to demo the universe of the small man of affairs, and more peculiarly the jobber. The jobber who abolishes his ain humanity, in the civilization of concern # 8221 ; ( Schorer 330-1 ) . Lewis was looking for an nonsubjective representation of modern-day societal humanity, instead than the anti # 8211 ; novels of today where merely the book, itself, is existent. ( Love 27 ) . Lewis related in a missive to a friend that # 8221 ; he wanted to do Babbitt large in his reality, in his relation to all of us, non in the least exceeding, yet dramatic, passionate fighting # 8221 ; ( Light 75 ) . Babbitt was supposed to stand for a cast, or a type of mechanical American citizen. Lewis # 8217 ; s disposition was to convey a disclosure to the American people. Lewis wished to demo that # 8220 ; conformance is the great monetary value that our preponderantly commercial civilization exacts of American life # 8221 ; ( Schorer 330 ) . Lewis related in a 1920 missive to Professor Carl van Doren # 8221 ; I want it to be the narrative of an mean concern adult male, a tired concern adult male, non in a goffer prarie but in a metropolis of three or four hundred 1000 people ( every bit Minneapolis or Seattle or Rochester or Atlanta ) with its tremendous industrial po wer, its small theatre, and lively state nine and its overpowering menacing unorthodoxy Hunt, its narrowed eyed ( and damned capable ) suppression of anything endangering its commercial oligarchy. I hope to maintain it every bit far as may be from all propaganda ; I hope to do that adult male live # 8211 ; that adult male we have heard in the Pullman tobacco user, ponderously talking oil stock, the beauty of Lake Louise, the impudence of George the porter, and the excellence of his 1918 Buick which is so much better a theoretical account than the 1919 # 8243 ; ( Love 17 ) . Having one time seen this adult male Lewis wanted to develop him, so that he would non look merely idiosyncratic but, instead a conforming person who retains some capablenesss of his ain ( Light 80 ) . After indicating out the complete conformance the T.B.M. ( tired concern adult male ) exhibits, Lewis wished to demo its detrimental effects. # 8221 ; Lewis has discovered that a Babbitt can endure the tenseness s of conformance, though conformance was non supposed to convey tenseness. Discontentment with the work modus operandi, Babbitt would wish for one time the genius of romantic love, the satisfaction of holding left a grade on the metropolis, and a Lashkar-e-Taiba up on his changeless warring with rivals. So tired is Babbitt, that make up ones minding what suit to have on is an wash uping job with many nuances # 8221 ; ( Light 81 ) . All American # 8217 ; s experience that they are trailing the, slightly elusive, American dream. Lewis wanted to work the all right line between the American dream and world ( Love 43 ) . That the streets are paved with gold is non the inquiry. The difference is over the definition of gold. Babbitt thinks that he has achieved the American dream, this is why he is so bewildered at his discontentedness with his life. Babbitt feels that he # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; done everything he ought to make # 8221 ; , as he bemoans to his friend # 8220 ; I supported m y household, and got a good house and a six cylinder auto, and built up a nice small concern, and I haven # 8217 ; t any frailties specially except smoking # 8230 ; I belong to the church, and play plenty golf to maintain in spare, and I merely associate with good decent chaps. And yet even so I don # 8217 ; t know if I am wholly satisfied. Babbitt has lived harmonizing to his dreams inspiration, but they are dreams which leave the dreamer restless and betrayed # 8221 ; ( Light 81 ) . Babbitt represents America # 8217 ; s revelation to the universe that the US is # 8220 ; crass, mercenary, self-satisfied and chauvinistic # 8221 ; . Lewis banked on the fact that on the sly, society could non digest what it had made itself ( Schorer 331 ) . Lewis wanted to state America the truth. He had the backbones to state America # 8220 ; to which stupid, and eventually annihilating, societal damnation, we were floating to # 8221 ; ( Schorer 334 ) . This type of sarcasm about in-between category topics, for in-between category readers neer took off in America ( Love 39 ) . Lewis made it go on, why? Lewis wanted to utilize the subliminal to its full extent. Lewis knew that by making a humourous, realistic character, like Babbitt, people would subconsciously place themselves with Babbitt. As a consequence people would hopefully alter so as to avoid Babbitt # 8217 ; s frustrating destiny. This was Lewis # 8217 ; s end. The type of sarcasm which Lewis wanted to use was # 8220 ; sarcasm which operates in the considerable and deplorable gulf between how things are and how they should be. What drove Lewis # 8217 ; s write was the annoying realisation of how human topics had fallen off from their rightful duties and potencies # 8221 ; ( Love 43 ) . Lewis possessed a know aparting moral sense, or a perceptual experience of a momentous ideal. To middle category America this sarcasm was indispensable. Lewis felt it important that their beliefs no longer be funneled to th em by the demands of society ( Love 41 ) . Lewis # 8217 ; s exploited this thought to the fullest in Babbitt. # 8220 ; Lewis # 8217 ; s inclination to travel rapidly from one subject to another, covering the full scope of in-between category concern life in America, from its ugliest facet # 8211 ; its racial, cultural, and spiritual dogmatism, and its cutthroat commercial patterns # 8211 ; to its basically harmless, simply cockamamie chases of recreation and pleasance. The consequence is to propose a universe non so much of concern as of hum # 8211 ; a crowded scene in frenetic gesture, yet without any existent motion toward any specific and worthwhile ends # 8221 ; ( Love 44 ) . Lewis wanted to capture the lip service of society. In Huckelberry Finn Twain wanted to demo Miss Watson lip service in having a slave and at the same clip being a Christian. Lewis tried to indicate out similar lip services, where society is to fault for the incompatibilities. Take for illustration B abbitt # 8217 ; s friend Chum Frink. # 8220 ; he enjoys liquor so cheers prohibition # 8221 ; ( 42 ) . Lewis wanted to utilize sarcasm by ego exposure. This is accomplished # 8220 ; when characters, like Frink, give their ignorance off # 8221 ; for all to see ( Light 78 ) . Lewis was seeking to capture the sad worlds of life. Lewis wanted to pin down his immolation into painting his ain portrayal of world ; # 8220 ; and when the last garment, which covers his nudity is stripped away, the torch explodes and the camera has caught the victim in every characteristic of his mean, and asinine world # 8221 ; ( Love 15 ) . Lewis wanted Babbitt to come alive. He wanted to portray the universe of the small man of affairs, who conforms to society in every which manner. Main Street was Lewis # 8217 ; s first effort at carry throughing this, but by composing Babbitt he declared himself a failure. # 8220 ; In Main Street heat and excitement were foreign to the hr, Babbitt, nevertheless, has that something existent, which makes it a work of art ; and it is signed in every line with the alone personality # 8221 ; , and more significantly the desires, # 8220 ; of the author # 8221 ; ( West 23 ) . Lewis wanted Babbitt to come alive, and to confront life the manner the conformists of society beseeched him to. Lewis wanted Babbitt to be the typical cat following door. Babbitt has become # 8220 ; the heroic poem of our roar old ages, and it remains today as the major certification, in literature, of American concern civilization # 8221 ; ( Schorer 327 ) . It seems as if Lewis succeeded in his end, he had made the universe aware of its monumental jobs. Lewis was the first American author to have the Nobel award in literature ( 1930 ) , which he received for his attempts in Babbitt ( Love 16 ) . Upton Sinclair, a major figure in literature, crowned Babbitt as # 8221 ; the best novel of all clip # 8221 ; ( Love 16 ) . # 8220 ; Babbitt became portion of our lives whic h before we had non recognized # 8221 ; ( Love 18 ) . Along with Babbitt # 8217 ; s gaudery and ginger he was besides, really humanly, hapless. How could it hold perchance failed? Commercially it did non. Babbitt became the greatest international success in printing history ( Schorer 331 ) . It seems as if Lewis got precisely what he wanted. His book was widely read and people accepted its searching comments as truths. Lewis had in fact, trusting to get the better of the restrictions of imitation, consciously made Babbitt seem existent, # 8221 ; yet before the novel was finished, Lewis had to profess something to its inevitable tone, and was looking towards his following book where he would seek once more # 8221 ; ( Light 77 ) . Why was this the instance? Hadn # 8217 ; t Lewis succeeded? The reply is the footing for the book itself. Lewis # 8217 ; s love for the universe was so great that there was ever something he could inquire society to work on, so hence his work was neer complete. He died, tragically, without of all time recognizing that in a perfect universe there is no topographic point for people. Ralph Waldo Emerson in Self Reliance had some of the same thoughts as Sinclair Lewis. To Emerson the expostulation to conforming is that # 8220 ; it loses your clip and film over the feeling of your character. If you maintain a dead church, contribute to a dead bible society, ballot with a great party either for the authorities or against it, distribute your tabular array like base housekeepers # 8211 ; under all these screens I have trouble to observe the precise adult male [ that ] you are # 8221 ; ( Emerson 411 ) . This was Lewis # 8217 ; s Babbitt, as if Lewis wrote it himself. Lewis was against all that was standardized, he felt that it abolished humanity. The small white house with a bluish door, and a walk in cupboard was Lewis # 8217 ; s Nemesis. # 8220 ; he was the first to demo us into what societal damnation we were floating. The inquir y is # 8211 ; have we landed? ! ? # 8221 ; ( Schorer 334 ) . Emerson, Ralph Waldo. # 8220 ; Self Reliance. # 8221 ; The American Tradition In Literature # 8211 ; Sixth Edition. ED. George Perkins, Sculley Bradley, Richmond Croom Beatty, E. Hudson Long. New York: Random House, 1985. 410. Lewis, Sinclair. Babbitt. New York: Harcourt, Brace A ; World, INC. , 1922Light, Martin. The Quixotic Vision of Sinclair Lewis. West Lafayette Indiana: Purdue University Press, 1975, 73 # 8211 ; 83. Love, Glen A. Babbitt An American Life ; Twaynes Masterwork Studies. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993. Lovett, Robert Moss. # 8220 ; An Interpreter of American Life. # 8221 ; Sinclair Lewis. Ed. Mark Schorer. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, INC. , 1962. 32-35. Mencken, H.L. # 8220 ; Portrait of an American Citizen. # 8221 ; Sinclair Lewis. Ed. Mark Schorer. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, INC. , 1962. 20-22. Schorer, Mark. # 8220 ; Afterword # 8221 ; Babbitt. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanavich, INC. , 1992. 327-334. John websters Universal Una bridged Dictionary. New York: Barnes A ; Baronial Books,1992. 106. West, Rebecca. # 8220 ; Babbitt. # 8221 ; Sinclair Lewis. Ed. Mark Schorer. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, INC. , 1962. 23-26.

Why You Should Use Web Push To Reach Your Email Marketing Haters

Why You Should Use Web Push To Reach Your Email Marketing Haters What if I said  weve been blowing smoke when we talked about email marketing on this blog? Weve devoted a fair amount of space talking about email marketing- many thousands and thousands of words, in fact. First, weve convinced you that a substantial effort has to go toward building the number of emails on your list. Then, weve told you about the best ways to get people to sign up, and how to get people to open your email. But what if email was on the road to inevitable failure? What if there was something coming that would make it obsolete? Think of all the effort youve put into your email list. Its terrifying to consider that it might be the marketing version of the VHS tape, but perhaps that is inevitable thanks to Web push. Why You Should Use #WebPush To Reach Your #EmailMarketing Haters via @JulieNeidlingerWhat Is Web Push? You are already familiar with Web push  if you  are using an Internet browser like Safari (Chrome and Firefox have indicated theyll be getting Web push soon), and get notifications for things such as new Twitter activity. In a way, Web push is sort of like the notifications you get on your smartphone, except that Web push happens through your computers Internet browser, where most of us spend our workday. Any of your readers who have allowed your notifications to appear in their browser will receive a notification the next time you publish new content.  They can click on the notification and be taken to your freshly published content easily. Web push is attractive to your readers for several reasons. 1. Web push is easy to use. Web push is simple for your readers to set up.  When readers arrive at your Web push-enabled website, a notification pops up asking if theyd like to be notified every time you publish new content. Unlike email or other calls-to-action, Web push is painless. The user can easily select Allow or Dont Allow  when asked if they want notifications, and the window goes away. Thats it. They can go on with their Internet browsing without having to verify email later or go to a sign-up page. The barrier to entry is very low- you cant get much easier than one click, which is all that Web push requires of your reader. 2. The permission window is familiar. The Web push window that pops up asking if your reader would like to be notified looks like any other browser-based permission window. Thats easier to trust than a custom marketing pop-up window. Why You Should Be Using Web Push Not every content marketing tool that comes along is worth your time, but Web push is something you should consider using. It very directly gets your content in front of eyeballs that are receptive to it, making it similar to email in that readers have opted in. Its easy to get started. You can get your site ready for Web push without having to be a developer. Using Roost, you can set up Web push on your site easily with several integrations, including a WordPress plugin that makes managing Web push from your WordPress dashboard possible. Roost makes setting up Web push in your WordPress blog easy. With Roost, your notifications can be automatically generated whenever you publish new content, or you can create custom notifications and send them manually to all of your subscribers. Taking the idea of push notifications a step further, you could also use Pushbullet to get notifications right where your readers are. Pushbullet is a mobile app (not limited to just a  browser) that also has browser extensions to make push available for non-Safari users. While Pushbullet has features directed at individual user convenience (text messaging, link sharing between devices, phone notifications to your desktop), they also allow users to subscribe to channels. Thats where content marketers might want to take notice. By setting up a Pushbullet channel that uses your RSS feed, you can notify subscribers of new content immediately, much the same as Safari users experience Web push. It appears on their mobile phone, and on their desktop. Web push happens where your audience is. One of the big challenges content marketers face is choosing which social networks they will publish content on. There are so many networks, and each network attracts a different kind of user. Content marketers often struggle with managing all of these publishing channels. With Web push, it doesnt matter what social networks your reader prefers, because it has nothing to do with them. Instead, it is independent of social networks, appearing right in their browser. You dont have to create different, customized messages optimized for different networks. You dont have to research which kind of networks your niche performs best on. Just like with the email you send, your content arrives where your audience is  already working, outside of a network. Web push helps build data for you. When we measure the success of a blog post or headline, we often deal with a variety of metrics. Traffic, perhaps, and how many social shares it received. Web push gives you another avenue of metrics, allowing you to A/B test everything from the best time to send notifications to what kind of messages might lead to unsubscribing. For those of you who like to A/B test and base content marketing decisions on hard data, Web push is another building block for you, a chance to learn about your audiences behavior outside of social networks and search engines. Try #WebPush to A/B test #headlines and understand the best times to publish your #blog posts.Web push gives you control and customization. Despite the simplicity of Web push, both for the end user and for you to set up, you still have some customizations and control available to you. Roost recently announced that you can  now send specific blog post categories to different subscriber segments, allowing your readers to see only what they want to see. If youre a heavy blogger and publish several posts a day, you might send out a notification to a summary email or link instead of a notification for every blog post. You can send out important product updates, or breaking news. With the simple system of Web push, you can  control what gets sent to whom. It is more than just an RSS feed on notification steroids. Web push opens a door for people who dont like email marketing. Not everyone likes getting marketing emails, and Web push helps  solve  that problem. Youre probably pretty invested in your email marketing, accepting the loss of those folks you know dont want your marketing email in their inbox. According to blogger  Tim Varner, Web push has an opt-in rate that is 10 times higher than email newsletters. Ill admit Ive become both worn out and disinclined to hand out my email address as freely as I once did. Web push allows me to stay connected to a blog I like but keep my email to myself. I can also control what kind of notifications Ill receive, and I like that I have control. Web push is the perfect patch for the anti-marketing  streak that runs through some of your audience. #WebPush is the perfect way to reach  your #EmailMarketing haters.Why Email Is Still The King Web push sounds pretty great, doesnt it? But rest assured that all of the attention weve given to growing your email list hasnt been misplaced. We havent led you astray. We were not blowing smoke. The truth is, Web push will not replace email. Its cool, it has promise, and its yet another great tool for your content marketing tool box, butit isnt as powerful as email. Web push is easy to abuse. Its so easy to send notifications to your subscribers that you might be tempted to do it more often than you should.  Notifications arent the same as an email. An email shows up in the inbox and sits there until your reader decides to do something with it. A notification does not give the reader that kind of control, and a simple one-click unsubscribe is likely to happen if the notifications annoy your reader in that moment. Just as Web push  notifications are  easy to allow, its easy to turn off, too.  The temptation and simplicity of sending out many notifications may  prove too much for some marketers. Web push does not get an email address. Attracting audience members who  dont want to give you an email address is a catch 22. Web push doesnt give you anything from your audience, beyond the permission of sending notifications and the data from their usage.

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Film analysis - Essay Example Then, when the seriously ill boy miraculously recovers, sibling rivalry becomes too difficult to manage, and Monica leaves the fake boy in the forest to his own devices. A.I. is enriched with some deep moral themes and issues surrounding motherhood, qualities that make the movie one of the director’s masterpieces (Abu-Mostafa, 2007). The Spielberg work is extremely captivating, and it evokes yet again a stunningly provocative perception of child rearing and of the humanity,  interweaved with a massive feeling of melancholy in the face of science.  The movie draws substantial influence from â€Å"Pinocchio† by Disney. Among the themes that feature in the movie are modernity, false consciousness and consumption.   Ã‚   As Brookfield (2007) as said, modernity of the movie is apparent in its futuristic setting. The beginning of the narrative after the disastrous impacts of global warming helps to reinforce the theme of modernity. Floods that have wreaked havoc in the earth’s surface and uncontrollable population pressures on natural resources are some of the modern challenges that the world will continue to face in the future.  Spielberg predicted a situation where couples will be required to seek for permission to make babies, since the current threats of technological leaps shall have led to the replacement of human beings with mechanical human beings. Interestingly, parents who go for robotic children will have to contend with the fact that those children will remain young and respectful (Abu-Mostafa, 2007). The natural love in the traditional societies will be lost to modernity.   It is arguable that the very fact that â€Å"machine love† has replaced the natural love between individuals serves as the ironic contrast of a movie that attempts to depict hope, but rather in the wider perspective presents an awful representation of social

Principles of Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Principles of Marketing - Essay Example More than 50% of Indian consumers use ordinary toilet soaps to clean their hair and usage of shampoo among majority of the populace is still restricted to social occasions as weddings and parties. While per capita consumption of shampoos is only 13ml in India it is 160ml and 330ml in Indonesia and Thailand respectively. The bigger players in Indian shampoo market are HLL, P&G, CavinKare, Dabur and Ayur (equitymaster.com 2007). Segmentation Companies divide markets into groups of consumers or segments with distinct needs and wants and identify which market segments it can serve effectively. To develop the best marketing plans managers need to understand what makes each segment unique and different. Marketing theory categories preferences into three different sub-categories (Anderson 2008): Homogenous preferences: When all consumers have roughly the same preferences and the market does not exhibit any natural segments. Diffused preferences: When consumers vary greatly in their preferen ces and if there are different brands in the market they are likely to position themselves throughout the available space and show real differences to match differences in consumer preferences. In shampoo market marketers almost always face a situation of diffused preferences as each category has specific requirements and expectation from the products they use. Clustered preferences: When natural market segments emerge from groups of consumers with shared preferences. Shampoo market is segmented primarily according to usage benefits. Some shampoos claim to serve the cosmetic benefits of providing strong, healthy and shining hair. Others claim to remove dandruff completely while the third category claims to deliver all the benefits related to herbal ingredients. The anti-dandruff segment is the fastest growing among the three segments with an annual growth rate of approximately 12% per annum (equitymaster.com 2007). There is also another small segment that is steadily gaining ground. This segment offers specialized shampoos as those that can be safely used in colored hair without removing the color. But this segment has not grown enough in size to warrant a separate analysis. Marketers also segment the market according to following criteria (Czepiel 1992): Geographic Segmentation: It divides the market into different geographical units such as nations, states, regions, cities or neighborhoods. In shampoo market, however, such variations do not matter that much as targeted consumers in every region or nation would have same, or nearly same, perceptions about beautiful hair. Demographic Segmentation: It divides the market into groups on the basis of age, family size, family life cycle, gender, income, occupation, education, religion, nationality and social class. Marketers of shampoo concentrate on ladies, irrespective of their age, and their income while marketing their products. Though in some situations religion, especially Islam might also have to be taken in to account. Marketers can now reach women very easily through television. Psychographic Segmentation: Buyers are divided into different groups on the basis of psychological/personality traits, lifestyles or values. People within the same demographic group can exhibit very different psychographic traits. Marketers of sh

Amusment Park Job Essay Example for Free

Amusment Park Job Essay Introduction A ride host has given you the all clear, the train begins to a ascend slowly up the mammoth 200ft steel mountain, your heart begins to race, you struggle to catch a breath as you are aware of the many twists and turns that are presumed to follow as you creep your way over the ominous peak. Life in many ways can be alluded to the adrenaline rush of racing on a roller-coaster. To experience that rush on a daily basis and you become the driving force behind what makes these chaotic machines of terror and excitement operate with such grace and cohesion would be much more than a career. The role of park manager can be a very difficult and stressful position, but the daily compensation is much more that can be put in a bank account. I will be discussing the job description, requirements, work conditions and prospects of this position. Job Description A theme park manager works in a very dynamic environment and this job requires a vast assortment of responsibilities and tasks that are mainly influenced by the size of the park you are managing. Managing a smaller park, such as Coney Island, would entail much less complexity in everyday operations in comparison to a larger park, such as Cedar Point, but would be just as rewarding and present its own challenges. Although vast and varying based on a particular parks values and needs, Brad Thomas director of operations at Silver Dollar City Branson MI states the position description as â€Å"Directors of Operations manage the overall operations of the theme park. He or she must do extensive planning and budgeting. He or she makes sure that the plans are in place, so the attraction or park does not make any promises it cannot keep. He or she also must see that all decisions made are within the park’s mission, vision, and values. Directors of Operations exert authority over every activity taking place in the attraction or theme park. † Each park has varying degrees of accountability delegated to the operations manager, but the basic function doesn’t vary from park to park. Job Requirements In this position, field experience is just as important as the educational requirements. Most parks look for someone that has worked their way up within a park and has first-hand experience with the park and its daily functions that includes everything from a ride host to admissions. The ideal candidate would be someone who has grown and developed their experience and education at the park they are seeking to manage. A job listing for a park management position at Coney Island requested the following requirements for their applicants: †¢A minimum of 5 years of experience in a management role within an amusement park or entertainment facility. †¢Post-secondary education in business, recreation, or hospitality management. †¢Excellent communication, interpersonal, and customer service skills along with strong team building and motivating abilities. †¢A firm grasp of financial business principles, safety compliance, time-management, and computer skills. †¢Ability to work long hours-weekends/nights are required. This is a position that is not usually given to someone just out of college. You must earn this position by working your way to the top. Work Conditions Work conditions depend on the location and whether or not the park is seasonal. Most parks operate from May through October, and can experience everything from scorching heat during the summer to freezing fall temperatures. This is prevalent to the position of park manager because most of the day is spent not in the office but throughout the park monitoring daily operations. They must be on site to ensure that the park is functioning properly and guest satisfaction is optimal. Rain or shine a park manager must monitor the parks activities and maintain guest satisfaction at all times. Salary Range Once again the details of the position vary greatly upon the size of the park and what that specific park delegates to the park manager. Brad Thomas stated that â€Å"An average salary range for a Director of Operations is from $21,900 to $86,500. The smaller properties have the lower salary, while the larger and more prestigious properties have the larger salaries. † This may not seem like a fortune to most but the people in these positions have a true passion for their respective parks. Job Prospects There are currently 285 operating parks with at least one roller coaster according to rollercoaster database (rcdb. com). Considering that new parks are rarely established and with most parks only having one park manager, this leads to the position of park manager being a very competitive career path. Although with limited opportunities, those who have a passion for this industry have the ability to make themselves stand out and increase their chances for success in seeking management employment. Conclusion In conclusion, the prospects of gaining this position may not seem obtainable due to the limited number of park managers. However, if you have the passion, education and skill requirements, then you have the potential of progressing your way to a park manager. Those who have received and hold this job title have spent countless years dedicating their lives and efforts to this industry. They have truly found an exceptional experience to call a career. The monetary benefits are overshadowed by the joy they bring to thousands of guests that visit their park on a yearly basis. Works Sited Amusement Park Search Results. Rollercoaster Database. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. Similar Jobs Recommended For You. Similar Jobs Recommended For You. N. p. , 16 Jan. 2013. Web. 09 Feb. 2013. Theme Park Manager: Job Description. Prospects. ac. uk. N. p. , 1 Sept. 2011. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. Thomas, Brad. Director of Operations Attraction/Theme Park. Entertainment Management. N. p. , 01 Nov. 2000. Web. 09 Feb. 2013.

Explanation Of Choice Of Competitors

Explanation Of Choice Of Competitors The report is regarding Velour which is a Swedish fashion company in the upper medium price segment. The company has existed for 9 years and has succeeded to sustain and also expand on the Swedish market throughout the years. We as a consulting group have focused on Velours womens wear collection. Under a 6 week period we have been investigating how the fashion company Velour is operating. We have looked into the main competitors to the brand which we defined as Acne and Whyred. These are also Swedish companies which have the same target audience group as Velour; young women. The companies are also using the same kind of style in their design in womens wear and are strongly involved in the artistic sphere. The report describes Velours strategy of purchase, assortment and their different use of sales channels. The competitive brands are presented in the same way to create a coherent impression for the reader. The purpose of this report was to develop different parts within the company to be able to achieve its growth in the Swedish market. The improvements of Velours strategies are presented in the end of this thesis. A budget and time plan is also presented in the report. Table of contents 1.Introduction We have chosen Velour which is a brand based in Gothenburg. We were able to get in contact with Ann-Sophie and Hanna who are working with the brand and are also the persons who provided us with information about the company. We consider the brand to be interesting since it is a rather small clothing brand with clothes that attract us and we saw opportunities to develop brand strategies. The brand is still small but we think that Velour has capabilities to become an even stronger brand than it currently is on the Swedish market for womens clothing. We consider the design to be timeless and stylish which can be interesting for a lot of women in the Swedish market. Assignment We are acting as a consultant group with the purpose of developing new strategies for the brand Velour. This is made to be able to increase the sales volume and to increase the awareness of the brand. Method To be able to develop these strategies for Velour we have been in contact with employees of the company and also with employees of the competitors. We have also been visiting the stores and done researches on the Internet to increase our knowledge of the brands. Delimitations We are only focusing on womens wear on the Swedish market. Therefore other collection lines from the brand will not be mentioned in this report, neither will international markets. 2. Industry definition The industry contains of companies that are in the wholesale segment acting as product developing brand suppliers; that means that they are working with product development, design, marketing, purchasing and producing womens wear with a creative twist within the upper medium priced segment on the Swedish market. 3. Industry description Below description of the industry will be presented. Choice of competitors and an explanation of the five force model can also be found. 3.1 General description The fashion industry within textile is one of the most globalized sectors, this due to the great amount of employment opportunities the industry provides. The industry of fashion constantly changes and as a company in this industry one always has to pay attention and be first to deliver the latest trends. What is the latest today is not the latest tomorrow. There are constantly new competitors to the industry and to survive one really has to have a strong business idea and be clear about the message of the companys brand. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/themes/crisis/textil.pdf The Swedish fashion market contains mostly of small to medium sized companies. The Swedish fashion market is of high importance for Swedish trade and today around 300 000 people work within the Swedish fashion industry and this is approximately 5 percent of the Swedish GDP. Many of the Swedish brands have succeeded on an international level. Velour is one of them and is followed by HOPE, Filippa K, Anna Holtblad, Whyred and many other fashion brands. http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/9622/a/96709 Velour is categorized to be an upper medium price brand on the Swedish market. The industry Velour belongs to, has a target group of young women to middle age women in Sweden. The woman is someone who is aware of her approach and has a rather large interest in fashion. However she is not a fashion slave since she does not follow all current trends, instead she creates her own style by combining different pieces. The woman in Sweden is a person who is down to earth and is conscious about society and environmental issues (M. Solomon and N. Rabolt, 2009). In the industry Velour belongs to, collections consist of quite plain designed clothes with a creative twist that very simply create recognition about the brand. Brands in this industry have a collection that fits in a base wardrobe with tops, dresses and chinos. Statistics kring turnover industry- mailat svensk handel 3.2 Explanation of choice of competitors Through the description of the brand and the description of the customer we can say that the competitors of Velour on the Swedish market for women swear are Acne and Whyred. We choose to select Acne and Whyred as competitors of Velour on the Swedish market for women swear through issues of price, presence in the country, style and interest in arts. To begin with Acne it is a young Swedish fashion brand which was founded in 1996. Acne represents the Swedish style for women from 18 to 45 years old and is the typical brand of style without efforts. We see Acne to have the same target group as Velour and to also have the interest in arts just like Velour but more interested in graphics and design. Acne has a Swedish style of clarity, fluidity and urban design and considering the price Velour and Acne are in the same price range. Our other competitor Whyred which was founded in 1999 also has interest in arts, especially in music. Whyred ´s clothes are classic, with a modern twist which give them this artsy touch that inspires Whyred designers. Considering the price Whyred and Velour is in the same range. Whyred as the other two companies have a Swedish styl e in their design. When looking at the three companies we can see that they all three have the same target group. 3.3 Five force model To understand the industry of Velour within the fashion industry we have been using the model of Porters five forces. The model is used to understand the structure and profitability within an industry. Porter states that the underlying economic structure is a factor that plays a great role of a companys strength to be competitive. The company analyzes Industry competitors, Potential establishers, suppliers, customers, substitutes. The five fundamentals in this model establish the strength for each force (Hollensen, S 2007). 3.3.1 Industry competitors Strong competitors on the Swedish market to Velour are Acne and Whyred. Both this companies are Swedish and have a Swedish background. When looking at Acne and Whyred one can see that they have quite the same target group within the women collection. Both Acne and Whyred have similar design of their collection as Velour and they all three is categorized within the middle price brand. You can find the collections near each other in the same town in Sweden. Other competitors on the Swedish market are brands like Filippa K, Carin Rodebjer, Carin Wester and Hope. 3.3.2 Potential establishers Both existing and potential companies in an industry can affect the profitability of the industry. As we already have mention the fashion industry constantly changes and the level of new players is also in constantly movement. The fashion industry has a high level of new entrants and the competition for Velour we see as quite tough. This due to new designers that more easily enter as an middle price brand than in comparison as an high price or luxury price brand. Some French brands like Sandro, Claudie Pierlot, Comptoir des Cotonniers and Maje are today not on the Swedish market but we see these brands to have the potential to become competitors on the Swedish market. They could compete with Velour if they were entering the Swedish Market. They are powerful French companies focusing on women, targeting the same group of people and really involved in arts. The price range is the same and they could offer a wider group of products, where customers could find anything: from shoes, via c oats, to evening dresses. 3.3.3 Suppliers Within the fashion industry the supply chain is of high importance. Merchandise trade in the fashion industry plays a very central role and the suppliers have to take action very fast. The bargaining power is high for the supplier of fashion companies and this due to the fact that they mostly have the control of the production. Some fashion companies own big parts of the suppliers themselves and this result in more control for the fashion companies. The most comment is that the fashion companies outsource some parts of the value chain to another company. Velour has manufacturers of fabrics, trimmings and garments. Velour design within the company and own their designers. The production and distribution is outsourced to other companies and today the company has dependency on single suppliers. 3.3.4 Customers We have been focusing on the companies bargaining power due to the suppliers within the industry. In the industry of fashion the buyers have a restrained power to effect to their benefits, this because there is a great amount of small buyers and retailers in this industry. Velour is selling to retailers who are selling to the end-consumers. Velour is also acting as an integrated retailer since they have their own stores. 3.3.5 Substitutes Substitutes can affect the attractiveness of the industry and also influence the profitability within the industry. A substitute in an industry depends on buyers willingness to substitutes but also of the cost performance of the substitutes. The risk of substitutes in this industry is very high and this because of the great amount of designer cloths and fashion houses. Another factor that influence is high threats between substitutes is the generic substitutes that mostly very easily enter the fashion industry. This with help from the already existing well know name that help the generic substitutes to be introduced on the market. We see luxury brands to be a substitute for Velour and this because the luxury brands offer high fashion products and also the absolutely latest trends to wear. Secondhand are also within this category and this because like Velour, secondhand products offer uniqueness and inspiration to create a style of your own. The option of tailor made fashion we also s ee as a substitute and this since customers today are more aware than ever to have perfect fitted clothes. It becomes more and more usual to travel abroad and in many countries you can get your tailor made items at a very reasonable price. We think this option is going to increase and the prices should decrease if the demand for tailor made clothes gets higher. We also place made to measure and swopping with colleagues as substitutes for Velour. Suppliers Manufacturers of fabric, trimmings and garment Substitutes Secondhand, luxury brands, tailor made, made to measure, swopping with colleagues Buyers Retailers + Velour is acting as an integrated retailer Potential establishers Maje, Comptoir des Cotonniers, Sandro, Claude Pierlot, Industry Rivalry Velour ACNE, Whyred, Filippa K, Hope, Carin Wester 4. Commissioned company description and analysis 4.1 General description The Velour brand was created by Per Andersson and Johan Lundell. The idea for the brand was created through the store Nostalgi which they operated in Gothenburg. The store was opened in 1997 and the idea was to sell never worn clothes from the 1940s and 1980s. The shop found success and became popular amongst the independent scene in Sweden and design and music people found the store interesting. Per and Johan started to design t-shirts during 2001 and the Velour label was created. A third person joined the team at this time, Andreas Remling who had knowledge in finances and could handle the brands economics. http://www.va.se/nyheter/2007/01/19/bakom-kulisserna-pa-svensk/ Mattias Lind also joined the brand but left the company and started his own brand Julian red in 2003. Today the company has got 14 employees working with the brand. At first only a few basic casual clothes were designed but this soon developed into whole collections of garment. The first real collection of the brand was launched in 2001 and could be found at the Nostalgi store. In the year of 2005 a woman named Titti Andersson was hired for the design of the womens collection. http://www.alltomstockholm.se/shoppingmode/article29059.aos The company has had several different designers working with the brand during their years in the business, one of them is Karl-Wilhelm Bjà ¶rk who previously worked with Vivienne Westwood. http://www.kingmagazine.se/Markeslistning/?designer=17771 The core values of the brand are tailoring, graphic and casual. Perfect fit and focus on beautiful details should create the opportunity for the person who wears the clothes to be able to create its own style by combining pieces from the brand. The overall design concept of Velour springs out of a classic preppy look with traditional garments redesigned in a new stylish, yet effortless, way. We call this Feelgood Preppy. [1] The clothes are for people who are interested in fashion but not follow all trends that are present, Velour is for the people who wants to create their own unique style. The colors used in the different collections are mellow with colorful accents. The brand is present in 100 stores spread through Europe countries such as Holland, Belgium, France, Germany, United Kingdom but its largest market is still in Scandinavia. Velour can also be found overseas in Canada, Australia, the United States and in Japan. The target group of the brand is people between 20-35 years. http://feed.ne.cision.com/wpyfs/00/00/00/00/00/0D/6A/CE/wkr0010.pdf The Velour creator Johan Lundell is no longer working with the brand and neither is Andreas Remling, however, Per Andersson has continued his work at Velour and is the head designer for the mens collection. He is at this point alone running the brand management for Velour. The turnover for Velour in 2009 was 19,807 million SEK. In 2008 the turnover was 13, 302 million SEK which was a small growth from the year before. http://www.foretagsfakta.se/G%C3%B6teborg/Velour_By_Nostalgi_AB/989686 Velour has used creative ideas in their marketing. For example in 2006 Velour held a fashion show in a tunnel in Stockholm. They got permission to block off this area and do this project. http://www.foretagsfakta.se/G%C3%B6teborg/Velour_By_Nostalgi_AB/989686 According to Velour people in the music business are dedicated to the brand and find it interesting. Velour is a brand which is inspired by the music branch and they mean that their design is following that lifestyle. http://feed.ne.cision.com/wpyfs/00/00/00/00/00/0D/6A/CE/wkr0010.pdf http://www.businessregion.se/download/18.8afae6210a70372e0c8000236/Business1-06_klar_pdf.pdf According to Velour they have a competitive advantage of being situated in Gothenburg. According to Andreas Remling their main competitors are located in Stockholm and this can result in that the brands from the same city become coherent in their design, they are inspired by each other and the uniqueness can fade. Another positive thing about Gothenburg is the good solutions for logistics and the existence of good suppliers. http://www.businessregion.se/download/18.8afae6210a70372e0c8000236/Business1-06_klar_pdf.pdf 4.2 Value chain 4.3 Brand promise Velours nerve springs out of their history, eclectic inspiration and their values. Velour is offering a perfect fit and beautiful details, leaving it up to the wearer to create his or her own individual style, offering key pieces or a whole wardrobe. Beautiful details Create an individual style Perfect fit To claim to be offering a perfect fit is crucial according to us. Everybody is different and do probably not fit perfectly in Velours clothes. Velour means that they are leaving it to the wearer of the clothes to create their own unique style which we think is correct. The customer is as mentioned above in the report aware of her appearance and approach and is combining different pieces to create her own individual style. They depend on the customer to be able to do this on her own which we think is the case. 4.4 Current Strategy In this part we will explain how Velour works with its purchase strategy and explain lead times within the company. The different lead times are regarding the different activities from idea to finished product and the time to perform the different activities. For Velour from the first day the inspiration starts to the day that the products is out in the stores it takes around 12 months. If Velour starts in August on a new collection the sales samples are done in December. The company uses different manufactures and the samples are sent to manufactures abroad and the manufacturers are choosing matching suppliers to Velour. Below the process will be explained more detailed. 4.4.1 Purchase strategy Velour gets a lot of inspiration from the city Gothenburg where the brand also was founded. The studio of Velour is located in the long streets in the Linnà © district in Gothenburg and this street represents a classic mixed- use variety. They all share the same precious urban oxygen and here you can find galleries, recording labs, artist studios, coffee shops and sex shop all in the same street. This gives a feeling of uniqueness to the design and the brand of Velour. The preppy classic look is the overall design concept for the company. The designers make new collection in an effortless, new stylish way with traditional garments. The Swedish west coast also influences the designers mind when it comes to creating the right style of Velour ´s collection. When the inspiration and the design are finished, Velour picks sober colors to use in the collections and this with colorful touch. The choices of the colors are often grey, black or marine blue. The prints and patterns that are u sed together with the colors are gently created where every image, square and pigment has its place. (www.velour.se ) The inspiration together with product development and the ready sales sample takes for Velour 4 month. (Interview with Velour) The company does not have any production of its own; instead the production is handled by manufacturers abroad in countries like India, China, Portugal and Tunisia. The lead time at the manufacturers is around 3 months. Velour ´s manufactures are always working with different suppliers and this to be able to find suppliers that can produce Velour ´s needs to the price the company is able to pay. The amount of different supplier varies from season to season, usually 20-25 different suppliers are used each season. (Interview with Velour) Velour is using the full price purchase which means that the product development manufacturer place a purchase order to the producers of finished products. Then it is up to the producer to (according to the description of the purchase order) to do the purchase of the different garments and trimmings. Then the producer send Velour a full price suggestion which consists of a total price to produce the products ( Interview with Velour).This way of work can also be called purchase of ready-made garment (RMG) (Hedà ©n, McAndrew, 2005) The transportation is at all times made through shipping by boat and Velour always has the FOB (Free on board) agreement. When a company has the FOB agreement, the company takes the risk of the goods when the goods have been shipped and are placed on the pier. The transportation from the factories to Sweden takes around 3 months. From April to July Velour have sell-in to their different retailers and for Velour this has a show room in Stockholm were they show all new collections to the retailer. Under this period the product also is placed in stock and Velour has their warehouse in Borà ¥s. When the time is ready for the collection to be out in stores all products are sent from the warehouse in Borà ¥s to all the retailers within the Swedish market and to the single store in Gothenburg. The company has no written code of conduct and does not follow any initiative but examines their businesses as well as they can. Velour tries to be as ethical and critical as possible regarding the process of making the clothes. In environmental aspects the clothes that are made in cotton are all made by ecological cotton. 4.4.2 Assortment strategy Velour uses different types of fabrics; the company describes them as traditional. Fabrics they use repeatedly are wool, nylon, lining, acetate, cotton, elastane, lambswool, polyester, polycrepe, acrylic, mohair and ramie. The cotton that is used in the garment making is ecological. The sizes of the womens collections are divided into 4 steps; XS, S, M and L. Two collections are launched each year and these are called spring and autumn. The product groups that Velour offers are visible below. This is based on the womens autumn collection 2010. The assortment in each product group are not the same in every collection, that is why for example no shoes are present in the womens autumn collection 2010. The product groups stay the same, but the number of products in each category varies from the different collections. 4.4.3 Sales channel strategy Velour has only got one store of its own. This store is situated in Gothenburg at Magasinsgatan 19. The brand Velour was founded in 2001 and at this point the brand was sold through the store Nostalgi which was operated by the founders of the brand. However, this store does no longer exist and has been replaced by the one on Magasinsgatan. Velour is mainly sold through retail stores and department stores where the brand is presented amongst other clothing brands. Velour is also sold through their own online store which can be found at the companies website. The reason for using this kind of sales channel strategy is because of the fact that it is requires a high financially capacity to own its own stores. Through shop-in-shops which are currently used, the brand is represented in a lot of location but at a smaller amount of costs. 4.5 Future goals In 2006 the goal was, within a ten year period, to be one of the top fashion brands within Scandinavia. http://www.businessregion.se/download/18.8afae6210a70372e0c8000236/Business1-06_klar_pdf.pdf 5. Brief competitor description and analysis for 2 competitors Below the first chosen competitor, Acne will be described. 5.1 General description of Acne Acne was founded in 1996 and the first collection of Acne clothes was launched in 1998. The company was founded by Jonny Johansson who did not have any background in design before starting the brand. The brand has been a success in Sweden and currently a well known brand among young people which are interested in fashion. Acne studios have an advertising agency, art gallery, furniture collection, magazine. (Acne Official Website) Today the Acne studio represents 5 brands (Acne Paper, Acne Advertising, Acne Art Department, Acne JR and Acne Fashion and Denim) with 200 employees and has approximately an annual turnover of 38 millions Euros. (Georgina Safe, 2010) . The company also enjoy the involvement of a Capital-Risk firm: ÃÆ'-resund, which opens Acne to a wide range of possibilities in term of development and investments. When it comes to self expression Acne sees fashion to be the best way of have that (Acne Official Website). The style is typical Scandinavian, with simple lines, without abundance of colours: The style is simplistic but in the same time Acne clothes can be identified to be cool and personal. They are creating an image, not only a clothing brand. They are building a Lifestyle brand through desirable products. They also created an identity through their jeans with the famous red stitching. This identity is the result of Jonny Johanssons will of a garment that makes you feel stronger and more self confident. The brand is known of the denim jeans but the company dont want to be a denim brand, instead they wanted to offer ready to wear where the denim is included as a product. According Jonny Johansson they did not wanted to categorize themselves (Nina Jones, 2009). When Acne opens a new shop they dont think in the way of where they need to be located, instead they use the strategy of where they want to set up new stores. They are based the store locations on friendship and people who really want to have the brand located in that particular area. Acne doesnt believe in the strategy to put stores everywhere just to cover the map. In terms of strategy they also have an attitude of branding by doing,not advertising(JC Marcus, 2010, [1]). Acne adopted a code of conduct; they joined the Fair Trade Foundation. Acne is in accordance with their value and this new value of the fashion industry: labour practices and conditions have to be taken in account to preserve social matters of the value chain. There are also two types of production, one for their own stores and the other for all the other retailers and franchises. This difference of production shortens or lengthens the lead-time. 5.2 Value chain Acne buys material and produces in factories in Italy, Portugal, Hong Kong and Turkey. All of the production is outsourced. They act in the textile value chain in the wholesale segment as product developing brand suppliers which means that they concentrate on design, purchase, marketing and distribution. Concentrating on distribution, Acne is present in the retail segment in several levels: as a retail branch company (they own 4 stores in Sweden), as integrated wholesalers through Corner in department stores for example, in the Internet through their website on which one can shop online and through outlets with two outlets in Sweden, one in Gothenburg and one in Stockholm and also the web outlet. 5.3 Brand promise; Create novel expression Current strategy We have to precise first that Acne does not have a proper strategy that leads the brand. The team does what is necessary to both realising Acnes envies and to satisfying customers. If once they have to change their own strategy, theyd do it. In fact, the brand is lead by its Brand Promise, its Values and Vision. 5.4 Purchase strategy Acne buys material from Italy, Portugal, HK and Turkey. These counties they also have al the production placed (S.Jà ¶nnson L.Lagerdahl, 2005).In the factories Acne has divided two groups: production for their own stores, and production for the other retailers. They have through this organisation different lead-times between inspiration and arrivals of the clothes on the shelves. Inspiration to garments in the stores takes approximately 10 months year since we first do a sell collection to our WH clients, then we need to wait for their sales figures before we place the production orders. If we do garments only for our stores it takes 4-6 months(Therese Munthe, Acne Chief of Production ) 5.5 Assortment Strategy The assortment strategy comes from a great group work. Jonny Johansson said that in Sweden he was used to work in groups and for him it is the only way to succeed. The brand produces two collections a year: Autumn/Winter, Spring/Summer. The collections do not have so many articles and are made on an arithmetic scale, 15 pieces for each product group (11). 5.6 Sales Channel Strategy In Sweden Acne develops itself through its 4 own stores situated in Gothenburg and Stockholm, they also own a corner in Ã…lhà ©ns and an Outlet Store in Stockholm. They also sell through department stores and via the Internet. Acne choose to work through this way to be able to control the image they have of their brand, they can choose the department stores they want to work with and with their own shops and the Internet they have a total image control of the brand. Moreover, they spotted a trend with the Outlets thanks to which they can sell what was left from the previous collections. 5.7 Future goals New collaborations. Bags/ Underwear 6. Brief competitor description and analysis for 2 competitors Below the second chosen competitor, Whyred will be described. 6.1 General description of Whyred Whyred is a Swedish fashion brand which is founded by three ex-employees of H&M; Roland Hjort, Lena Patriksson Keller and Jonas Clason, in 1999. The story began with a Mens collection in 1999 and one year later the first Womens collection was in the shelves. The brand is positioned in the middle high price segment, with a turnover of 45 million SEK in (2006/2007) and 75 million SEK in (2007/2008) the brand is really growing, touching new customers. The first own shop is opened in 2001 in Stockholm, they have in 2010, 4 stores in the main Swedish cities. In 2005 they launched the shoe production line and also they set up the online outlet stores in 2007. The interesting part is that Whyred has labeled the products with Stockholm instead of Sweden, because Stockholm shows the country of origin (Sweden) and it is known as a beautiful city (Knudsen Lind 2007). The name of the brand comes from a radio interview with Roland Hjorts grandfather who was a famous Swedish artist. In that interview he was asked, What is your favorite colour? He replied: Red and the interviewer asked immediately Why red, he quipped Well, blue then. (A.K Sari, 2010) The strong inspiration of Whyred has been from the iconic style of the 1960s to give to the consumer the possibility of a Clean Living under Difficult Circumstances, inspired from THE WHOs manager Pete Meaden(Whyred Official Website). Whyred is strongly involved into the arts (especially in Cinema and Music) since the primary steps, they have project through collaborations. For instance, for their fourth art project, the short movie La Vitesse Et La Pierre is directed by Igor Zimmermann and the music is composed by Yourhighness which unveiling will happen on November 2010 in Sweden (Whyred Official Website). Moreover, they are pursuing the pull strategy by publishing the pictures of well-known people who dressed Whyred garments in the magazines or the newspapers (Knudsen Lind 2007). The brand is following simplicity by considering postmodern aesthetics, giving aesthetic awareness and making new expressions for their customers. They have ambition to make a brand as a leading European premium fashion brand (A.K Sari, 2010). 6.2 Value chain 6.3 Brand promise 6.4 Current strategy 6.4.1 Purchase strategy 6.4.2 Assortment strategy Whyred has set up its production to tow collection per year f