Plastics Essay Example for Free

flexibles EssayFrom the mid-1980s onwards, malleable bags became common for carrying daily groceries from the store to vehicles and homes throughout the developed world. As plastic bags increasingly replaced paper bags, and as other plastic materials and products replaced glass, metal, stone, timber and other materials, a box materials war erupted, with plastic shop bags at the substance of highly publicized disputes. Although few peer-reviewed studies or government surveys have provided estimates for global plastic bag enjoyment, environmental activists estimate that between 500 billion and 1 trillion plastic bags be apply each year worldwide. Plastic has replaced the traditional material (paper/cloth etc) as herding and carry bags because of cost and thingmabob which is possibly a wrong choice of material for such use. Even though plastic bags raise preserve food and can be used for growing vegetables in a controlled environment, their method of disposal has creates unprecedented pollution problem. Plastic has many more uses other than Plastic Bags and Packing material. It is used for manufacturing of protective covers and graphic symbols for many machines, which should be the preferred utility for plastic. More than a 100 million tones of plastic is produced world-wide each year.Though plastics have opened the panache for a plethora of new inventions and devices it has also cease up clogging the drains and becoming a health hazard. Many countries, including India, are trying to increase the make out of plastic that is recycled. But commercial interests create hindrance for effective legislation to remove plastics from goods where they can threaten public health. Also there is a send away trend of shipping off the plastic waste of developed countries to under develop and developing countries. India imported 7,841. 8 metric tonnes of plastic waste from the US in the first half of 1994.India is the fourth highest Asian importer of plastic w aste behind Hong Kong, Philippines,Indonesia. Environmental pollution caused by routinely used polythene packaging materials it would be prudent, for the present, to use eco-friendly paper packaging. The manufacturers of plastic packaging identical soft drink bottles/mineral water bottles etc moldiness come forward and develop abstract methods of disposal/own responsibility for disposal. Plastic bags were found to constitute a significant portion of the floating marine debris in the waters near southern Chile in a study conducted between 2002 and 2005.If washed out to sea, plastic bags can be carried long distances by ocean currents, and can strangle marine animals or, if ingested, cause them to starve to death. 8 Numerous deaths among animals such as sea turtles and dolphins have been attributed to the ingestion of plastic marine litter, which includes plastic bags. Littering is often a serious problem in developing countries, where trash collection infrastructure is less develo ped than in wealthier nations. The relatively limited adoption of modern biodegradable plastic bags means that many older landfills are filled with large, persistent deposits of non-degrading bags.It is, however, possible that in the future these deposits could be mined and reprocessed to replace dwindling defenseless material resources. In recent times due to widespread sensory faculty drive by NGOS and government and to lesser extent by educational institutions has resulted in increasing the consciousness among few shopkeepers they have shifted back to the old system of wrapping up goods in paper bags or newspapers, Some people are slowly getting habituated to going to the market with cloth bags.Besides a few NGOs, even school students have come forward to take up a promotion campaign for the use of paper or cloth bags. Each year, as industry produces more and more nonessential products individually and too packaged, we throw away more and more trash. To a large extent, our gar bage problem is a result of a corporate ethic that puts profits in the lead people and the environment. Industry is pushing disposability because it pays. Plastic razors can only be used a few times before disposal, then more must be bought, making the plastic and razor industries rich and happy.Appliances de subscribe to become obsolete guarantee youll have to buy new ones next year. Over 84 percent (by weight) of municipal solid waste could be reused, recycled or composted instead of being buried or burned. An exception is plastic, which comprises about 7 percent by weight or 20 percent by volume of municipal solid waste. Due to technical and financial limitations, less than ten percent of plastic is currently recycled. Furthermore, plastic recycling only defers the plastic disposal problem, since most plastic items can only be manufactured from virgin plastic.Recycled polystyrene foam (also know by the brand name Styrofoam) can be used to build marine docks but not to make a ne w polystyrene foam cup. untried plastic will have to be produced from non-renewable oil stocks to make those cups, and eventually all the plastic will have to be disposed of. Last February 21, 2011, the country of Albay, spearheaded by Gov. Joey Sarte Salceda became the first in the Bicol region to ban the use of plastic bags.Provincial Ordinance No. 011 3, which is also known as the Anti Plastic Ordinance of the Province of Albay, prohibits the use of plastic bags on dry goods and regulating the use on wet goods and prohibiting the use of Styrofoam and other synthetic materials harmful to the environment. The ordinance, signed into justness by the governor and lauded by the members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan is expected to eradicate the use of plastics bag by any means. As cited in Section 2 of the ordinance, the law is for the compliance of all business establishments, groceries, department stores, supermarkets, chain retailers and sari-sari stores in the province.Likewi se, utilization of alternative packaging materials such as woven native bags (bayong), reusable cloth, shopping bags (katsa), paper bags and other similar materials is encouraged. It is also a known fact that many of those plastic bags that shop owners used to pack their merchandise often ended up in streets. The hazards plastic pose for the province are numerous. Albay being a favorite spot of natural disasters is at risk with the threats of excessive use of plastic products. Also, the province gets littered by plastic bag garbage presenting an ugly and unhygienic seen.The soil fertility deteriorates as plastic bags form part of manure remains on the soil for years. This new ordinance should be taken sincerely because this not only speaks for the lives at stake but for the environment of the next generations as well. Large food chains like McDonalds, Jollibee and others should start to ban Styrofoam packages among their products. Large supermarkets should take the initiatives and a ct upon the given law and use alternatives to pack the purchase of their customers.They should also convince customers to bring their own reusable bags when they go shopping. Educational programs anchored to the ordinance should also be created to be able to grasp the students awareness about this law. They should be educated as early as in primary years that they may become fully aware of it. Massive campaigns like door-to-door information drive, barangay seminars and other promotions using quad media will be helpful in the realization of the law. Furthermore, environmental awareness of each individual should be encouraged as well.

Cyborgs Unplugged Essay Example for Free

Cyborgs Unplugged EssayFirstly, it is necessary to note that the seed provides rather interesting and extraordinary interpretations of valet de chambre comparing them with cyborgs. In such a way, he wants to show that humans are similar to machines and their mentation is similar to that of the cyborgs. The author assumes that nowadays mint are more and more becoming electronic cyborgs as they are more exposed to electronic technologies. He explains that being a cyborg doesnt me to have wires and chips cyborgs are defined in more profound sense of being human-technology symbionts. Therefore, he state that humans are thinking and reasoning systems whose minds and selves are spread across biological brain and non-biological circuitry. Furthermore, the author admits that cyborg is a product of 21st century. The author tries to re-shape the image of a human, to explain the features of human experience as well as to discuss complex relationships. Nevertheless, the article isnt de voted to new technology it simply tries to explain human way of behaving and thinking on the base of using technological language and examples.The article, actually, discusses the nature of human brain, mind, culture and biology. One of the most interesting moments is authors description of a human working day and drawing comparison wit that of an electronic cyborg. The author asserts that people are blinded by Western prejudice consort to which human mind is deeply special and distinct from the rest of the natural order. The author defends the idea that it is cognitive machinery that should be paid more help nowadays, because he thinks that machinery is housed with skin and skull of a human.Consequently, the brain is a complex and important part of cognitive machinery, though it is not remembered a part of mental machinery. Therefore, the author tries to explain how the brain, technology and body are able to improve problem-solving machine. However, people are not thinking about themselves as natural-born cyborgs. Therefore, the question is should people consider themselves electronic cyborgs? References Clark, Andy. (2003). Natural-Born Cyborgs Mind, Technologies and the Future of Human Intelligence. New York Oxford University Press.

Decline of British Trade Union Membership: Causes

Decline of British distribute unification Membership CausesIntroductionThe purpose of this essay is to analyse the factors leading to rapid decline of British sight fusion rank in the 1980s and 1990s. According to MacKenzie (cc8), conjugations in industrialised countries have faced challenges associated with labour grocery store restructuring. The restructuring happened due to liberalisation and privatisation of the sectors, retrenchment the direct workforce and use of sub-contracts. According to Armstrong (2006) the political condition and exchange of economic condition with the raise of globalisation ar the major factors contributing the change in batch kernel operation and its decline of membership. There are otherwise factors also, single(a) of them, according to Machin (2000) is concretion inability or unwillingness to orchestrate the growing number of new(a) oeuvres. The introduction of HRM(human Resource Management) concept and practice within the organisat ions as observed by Taylor (2003) contributed to the introduction of employee relations as a concept that broadened the study of industrial relations from a union focus to include wider aspects of the employment relationship, including non-unionised workplaces, personal contracts, and socio-emotional, sort of than contractual arrangements. It is quite assimilate on that point are many factors responsible for the decline of trade union membership.It is important to look at British trade union history briefly to bug out a perspective of its function, growth and difficulties it is facing. As Stephen Dunn (2009) observed the British trade union experienced extraordinary growth for quarter century till mid-fifties in terms of its membership, activities and ability to carry on collective bargaining on the backdrop of World War 2 and changing socio-economic condition. That progress s lower-rankinged deplete but it was salvage growing till 1970s when it again experienced rapid growth in its membership. The time after 1980s then blend to 1990s and 2000 the trade union membership experienced rapid fall and from 2000 it started stabilising with very slow increase. The report prepared by Cockburn (2009) shows the recorded trade union membership of 7,656,156 in 2008-09, compares to 7,627,693 reported in the previous period. This indicates an increase of 28,463 members or 0.37%. The total recorded membership of around 7.6 million compares with a invoice of 13.2 million in 1979. The essay will try to discuss nigh various factors responsible for the decline in membership.Economic FactorsThe British parsimoniousness proverb many changes after World War 2 in terms of its growth, flexibility and approach. According to David Farnham (1997) on that point are three major changes happened in planetary and UKs domestic preservation since 1950s and very prominently after 1980s. First, the developing countries restructured their manufacturing industries to become import ant exporters of manufactured and semi-manufactured goods in Europe, North America and Australasia. Second, the developed countries started touching from manufacturing to service economy hence non-manufacturing industries started growing in these countries. Third, the new emerging markets of East Europe and breaking down of Soviet Union created new opportunities for trade. The to a higher place changes had direct impact on UK economy and imported in declining of number of people employed in manufacturing industries by 45% from 1979 and 1996, David Farnham (1997). There was an expansion on non-manual jobs, original jobs also the number of working people grew from 25 million in 1971 to 28 million in 1996. The higher up changes are reflected on British economy and have long lasting effect on life style of people. It also brings more completion in the market from external suppliers and changed the focus of British economy from large, nationalised, manufacturing based economy to pr ivately owned, relatively small and service oriented. The idea of Globalisation in mid 1980s, as described by David Farnham (1997) sawing machine capitalism as the major globalising dynamic and constantly increasing the scale of production and consumption. The increase in trade and commerce with new markets opened new scope as well as competition. The focus of the economy changed to mass formulated, cheap products to meet high volume of demand and consumers aspirations. Thus British economy experienced imported products from East Asian countries which resulted in decrease of manufacturing industries in Britain. With the number of people in employment increased the ability to buy, availability of light credit and other factors contributed developing of overall living standard of the people. This change in economic condition made the trade union membership little attractive and the collectiveness started eroding among members resulted in decline of membership.Political FactorsThe British politics observed influence of two political parties The Conservatives and The Labour between 1970 and 2000 their ideological differences were prominent in their policies. The strategy of Conservative party who was in power from 1979 to 1997, as observed by David Farnham (1997), were influential in reducing public expenditure, cut tax revenue and state borrowing, privatised the nationalised industries and other public sectors, deregulate the economy, working towards free market, free trade, free enterprise, legislation to curb the powers of trade unions to free up labour market as well as undermine collectivism in privilege of individualism at work places. As Ed rose (2008) observed the employers proper(a) to manage was reinforced by restricting powers and activities of trade union and encourage fluidity and flexibility within the labour market. According to Ed Rose (2008) the result is private sector employers achieve greater control over the work and labour work on. I n 1997 when the Labour party formed government they promised to change its handed-down Labour policy, as observed by David Farnham (1997), towards promoting competition, pursue tough, efficient regulation, working as a partner to both employers and employee, f crinkleness but no favour to the trade union and last but non the least no return to secondary action, strike without ballots or trade union law of the 1970s. Moreover, serial governments passed various legislations which curb the power of trade union and strengthen the hands of employers as well as encourage individualism over the collectivism. According to Millward (2000) and Kersley (2006), the union experienced decline of the unionised sector, collective bureau which resulted in fall of collective bargaining with pay and other issues. As observed by Taylor (2003), fair hostile treatment from the Government and the policies, legislature changes that are made to restrict trade union power and activities were responsible for trade union to lose relevancy in private sector organisations and also put challenge in front of trade union to adapt its functioning with the changing circumstance weakness of which saw decline in membership and inability to connect with new workplaces.Industrial FactorsThe period from 1970s as observed by Ed Rose (2008), saw restructuring of British industry in terms of management style of employment relationship, increasing emphasis on communicating with workforce and workplace representation of employees. The result of these changes are adopting anti-union strategies, shifting from pluralist to more unitarist style by many private sectors. Both private and public sector organisations adopted HRM practices, strategies and models of employment exercise thus moving away from collectivism to individualism. As observed by Kersley (2006), Milward (2000), the restructuring of British industry saw the shift from manufacturing economy to service economy, the introduction of techno logy, computerisation and culture technology paved the way for developing specialised skills, part-time, resolute and temporary work contract which resulted signifi pottyt increase in labour market peril and have impact on employment relationship. Moreover, as Ed Rose (2008) pointed out with the changing economic condition and focus on cost thrift many organisations sub-contract their fringe jobs to small or other organisations and only concentrate on core activities thus number of employees within the organisation has substantially decrease resulting decrease of employees bargaining power within the organisation. The drive for employing multi-skilled employees also reduced the dependence on specific employee to complete a task thus reduced the level of job security among employees resulting shift of balance towards employers control more than the employees. avocation Unions Internal FactorsAccording to Curran (2006), the trade unions become too institutionalized which prevents it from progressing rather tied up in its own structure with the control power to the full time management of the Trade Union. According to him trade union leadership suffered complacency and forgot to remind people the good work of trade union movement and lot still shadow be done for those who are be exploited by organizing collective bargaining. Moreover, trade union failed to create connection with the new immigrant workers who would have been highly benefitted from trade union obtain as they were recruited for low skilled, low paid and most of the times were exploited. He observed that trade unions failed to recognize and adapt itself with the change that the society experienced due to political, economical and the effect of globalization. The trade unions need to understand that they have to adapt and organise its function according to the need of the situation, the advent of technology, prosperity and disposable income has changed the lifestyle of the trade union members but as an organization Trade Union failed to adopt itself with that change and got stuck with the philosophy, style and culture of trade unions foundation time. Moreover, many large Trade Unions still struggle to get rid of their Masculinity culture when the reality is almost 40% of the working population are women and it is difficult for the women to become member of trade union and associate with its day to day activities. As observed by Bob Carter(2004), the Trade Union need to redirect recruitment of members who are in part-timers contract of employment change bargaining priorities to reflect part-timers concerns and to change union organization and representation to facilitate participation by part-timers. It is quite evident from the above discussion that trade unions failed to change its priority and redesign its role to suit with the changing world and thus it became somewhat irrelevant to some members which directly reflected in decline of membership.Future of Trade UnionT he prediction of future of Trade Union membership and purview is difficult but can only be done based on past experience, available data and survey results. According to Ed Rose (2008), the evidence shows that there is very less credibly the New Labour Government will change the direction of policies towards empowering and giving more authority to the trade unions. It is evident that the balance is more towards the Employers than trade union in controlling employee relationship. Moreover, the specialist skills of managers to deal with employer engagement, various legislations passed to provide more provisions and empower individualism and limiting collective bargaining are the clear indications of limiting trade union roles and powers in future. According to Kersley (2006), the change in giving standard contract to the employees and increase of special kind of contracts like consultancy, fixed term, term time, temporary, part time also private organisations support to non-unionise d organisations and improving individual employee engagement programme as well as government legislations to support individualism are some of the biggest hindrance towards improving Trade Union membership.According to Ed Rose (2008), the prospect of increasing Trade Union membership looks bleak but analysing the present situation of increase in unemployment, increase of women membership in trade union as revealed from recent surveys and the indications are there that this trend is going to continue as well as the growing general perception among employees that employers are responsible for unfair treatment at workplace may help to improve the situation of trade union membership. There three strategies as suggested by Ed Rose (2008) could change the situation of decrease Trade Union membership are Servicing Model, Partnership Approach and Organising Model to suit with the changing economic, political and industrial conditions. According to these models the Trade Union need to give s ervice to its individual member by devoting more resources to the enforcement of their rights, be a partner with the employers to achieve competitive advantage for the firm and minimal brain damage values to the service provided as a trade union and last but not the least to organise support for the workforce to solve conflicts and fight down a strong presence throughout. The above models may be theoretically looks good but there are contradictions and depends how well they are executed as well as perception of the role to all the stake holders. There can be element of low level of trust between employers and Trade Union on each other as Partnership Approach can contradict Organising Model. The whole situation of maintaining relationship with both employers and employees can be very difficult if the interest of employees and employers on specific issues are vastly different and in that situation it can be difficult for trade union to follow the above models as this can be perceive d as contradictory to each other.According to Peter Wilby (2010), with the growing globalisation and the organisations tendency to move to the countries with cheap labour and favourable business environment, legislation, it is the time for the trade union to think globally as well as strengthening their local grow to strengthen the trade union movement. The trade unions should create a global Union to s poll exploiting labour cause anywhere in the world and thus fight for the jobs for local people. It is important for trade union for its own survival to organise movement for local people and working proactively to increase membership, more dependent on its own strength and less dependent on political party like The Labour party introducing favourable legislation to empower Trade Union. According to Curran (2006), trade union should realise that changing its culture and style is not a threat to its values rather a way to hurt its principles of maintaining equality, liberty and sol idarity at workplace. The growing trend of capitalism in the society creates hour glass situation in organisations where some people at top are enjoying all the benefits and those at the bottom are struggling and their family is experience stress and low prospect of development. This economic condition and stress to fulfil each demand to maintain good lifestyle and the realisation by trade union to change its style of functioning will help to improve the prospect of improving trade union membership in next five years. though it is difficult to predict if it will able to touch its peak in terms of membership but it will definitely be able to improve current situation in terms of membership.Toyota Corporate Social functionToyota Corporate Social ResponsibilityThe history of Toyota Motor society (TMC) which is a Japan based-company begins when it is established at 1937 by the founder, Kiichiro Toyoda. (Toyota Motor Corporation n.d.) Since then, the company has started to start into the industry of automobile manufacturing until now. As of today, Toyota is one of the worlds leading company manufacturing vehicles and part. In order to move fast to keep pace with other competitors and to maintain its coiffure and reputation in the business, Toyota has practiced the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policy which is Contribution towards Sustainable Development. (Toyota Motor Corporation n.d.) With this policy, Toyota does not only concentrate in maximizing its profit as they also contribute in taking care of the welfare of the society and the environment. Nowadays, most of the consumers are highly educated and environmentally conscious as they are demanding for more than just a high quality or a reasonable price product. Therefore, Toyota has to make sure that they can balance up the ineluctably of the society and consumers. Besides producing high quality vehicles, Toyota also has to respond to the environmental issues which have been occurred.In this new e ra, Toyota is taking either steps and precautions to protect the environment. They may proclaim that they have done good to the society by implementing some policies or concepts such as the introduction to the loanblend cars. But how far could they go? angiotensin-converting enzyme of the good examples is when Toyota Prius was first launched in 1997. Many has criticized and questioned about the Priuss green concept which uses the hybrid system. Production of hybrid cars is one of the responses of Toyota towards the issue of global warming and the limits of fossil fuel. (Toyota Motor Corporation n.d.) In producing this car especially the barrage itself, it actually causes more harm to the environment. One of the biggest concerns about this car is that Prius battery contains nickel metal hydride. (Prius Outdoes Hummer in Environmental misuse 2007) base on the newswire, the nickel is mined and smelted at a shew in Sudbury, Ontario which leads to environmental damage to the surro unding area. This has further leads the NASAs astronaut trainees to practice moon rovers around the Sudbury plant which is badly destructed. (Prius Outdoes Hummer in Environmental Damage 2007) Also, there are many critics who comment on the shipping footprint of the nickel battery. The smelted nickel from Sudbury is shipped to Wales for refinery and to be made into nickel foam at China. The perfect batteries which are made in Japan would be then shipped to United States when the car is ready. (Hodges 2009) This has creates doubt about Toyotas environmental aspect as the production process of the battery is not helping in reducing emissions but in fact, the shipping process has already consumed a lot of fossil fuels which would lead to air pollution.Back in 2003, Toyota is questioned about its philosophies towards green environment. Toyota is facing a lawsuit from The Department of Justice and the Environment Protection Agency for violating Clean Air Act. (BJS, 2003) Upon Toyotas u se for Certificates of Conformity, it has claimed that Toyota has sold 2.2 million vehicles which were different from the statements in the application. According to the United States government, Toyota has failed to disclose limitation in the operation of the on-board diagnostic system that checks for leaks in vehicles. (BJS, 2003) Because of the leakage problem, Toyota is manifold in causing pollution as fuel that vapors into the air would lead to the ozone pollution. Due to this matter, the consumers of Toyota vehicles do not know that they are actually indirectly involved in polluting the environment. Another case which leads to a doubtful thought about Toyotas environmental friendly principles is when Toyota is sued by California at year 2006. (Glaister 2006) Toyota and some(prenominal) other automakers are to take the blame for producing large amount of vehicles that releases huge quantities of carbon dioxide which contributes to global warming. According to the states Democ ratic attorney general, global warming is bringing harm to Californias economy, environment, public health and agriculture. (Glaister 2006) Though Toyota is making revolution by producing hybrid cars and building more fuel-efficient vehicles, Toyotas image and reputation are blemished by the lawsuits that it faced before.In spite of the criticism of the nickel battery and the lawsuit cases against Toyota, the company has actually poured a lot of effort in protecting the environment. Based on Toyotas sustainability concept, it has focused on three areas comprise of technology, manufacturing and social contribution. (Toyota Motor Corporation n.d.) Research and Development (RD) is categorized in the area of technology and one of the RD that Toyota has created is that they have engineered its own flower species. (Merchant 2009) The carbon dioxide released by its Prius assembly operations is offset by this new plant species. The flowers are derived from the cherry sage and gardenia whic h helps to see nitrogen oxides and to reduce the heat of the atmosphere. (Merchant 2009) Toyota should be praised because it has discovered something special in those flowers. Both the flowers have unique characteristics as the sages leaves can absorb harmful gases whereas gardenias leaves can reduce the temperature of the factorys surroundings by creating water vapor in the air. (Blackburn 2009) With this, Toyota can concentrate in finding and doing research in advanced technology to produce hybrid cars as they have found a greener way to reduce the emissions of the manufacturing process. This also has shown that Toyota has gone beyond their industry area to look for alternatives and new innovations to persist in the environment. Their action would definitely build up its reputation and image among the stakeholders especially the consumers.In committing towards sustainable development, Toyota is also taking initiatives to develop the manufacturing process through a greener way. I t cannot be denied that Toyota is actually polluting the environment during the process of manufacturing and producing the vehicles and car batteries. Hence, Toyota is designing and manufacturing its vehicles based on the concept of three Rs which consists of reduce, reuse and recycle. (Toyota Europe n.d.) Toyota has been manufacturing vehicles with recyclable materials as cars are actually built by plastics that are difficult to be recycled. Therefore, Toyota has created Toyota Super Olefin Polymer which is a special recyclable plastic to make car bumpers and other parts. It can then be recycled and used for many times. (Toyota Europe n.d) Besides, Toyota also has indirectly encouraged the consumers and dealers to be involved in recycling program. For example, each of the battery of the Prius car has a phone number on it to ensure every battery goes back to Toyota for the purpose of recycling it and dealers are to be paid $200 for each battery. (Richard 2005) Other than that, Toyot a has also stepped in further in the area of recycling. For instance, Toyota has built up a waste collection systems. It is for the purpose of retrieving used parts such as tyres, batteries and oil filters from European dealers to send them back for recovery. (Toyota Europe n.d.)In order to contribute to the society, Toyota has involved in various environmental activities. One of them is shown by Toyotas support of Planet Arks subject area Tree day. National Tree Day is one of the Australias biggest community tree planting events which falls on dread 1, 2010. (Tree Day n.d.) It is a special day where all the Australians would gather around to join this event. All of them are working towards the same motive which is to lending a helping hand to plant and to care for native trees and shrub to improve the environment they live in. (Tree Day n.d.) Toyota has demonstrated its concern and care for the environment by joining this event. Toyota has been supporting Planet Ark and National Tree Day since 11 years ago. (Toyota Motor Corporation Australia Limited n.d.) Ever since Toyota joins this event, its partnership with Planet Ark and National Tree Day are being appreciated and they are working in a collaborative way. All Toyotas dealers, staffs and brand ambassadors are being encouraged to participate and to support this special day. Their supports can be shown by Toyotas contribution of planting almost 15 millions of trees to reduce the effect of global warming. . (Toyota Motor Corporation Australia Limited n.d.) This action is a good example and role model for society as Toyota would influence the society to contribute to National Tree Day as well.As an automobile manufacturer, Toyota is facing challenges and obligations everyday throughout the whole process of a vehicle starting from the development until the disposal stage. In my opinion, it is not easy to be one of the largest companies. For instance, Toyota has to face pressures given by the government, stak eholders and the society to fulfill and to respond towards their needs for a separate product and a better environment. It has been a tough and long journey for Toyota to achieve what they have now because throughout its companys history, they have been criticized and many comments have been given which are against their every action. Though they might not be a hundred percent environmental friendly company, they are actually giving a large proportion of contributions in helping the society to achieve a healthier environment. Which automobile company can be a fully hundred percent based environmental friendly company? I doubt there are any companies who can successfully do so. All in all, every company including Toyota needs to fulfill their responsibilities towards the society and environment in order to have a better life and world. Our future generations are very much depending on their actions which are taken today.BJS. 2003, March 11. U.S. settles Clean Air Act case against To yota. Web log post. http//scienceblog.com/1196/u-s-settles-clean-air-act-case-against-toyota/ (accessed supercilious 8, 2010)Blackburn, R. 2009. Car maker develops its own flower species. Drive. http//www.drive.com.au/Editorial/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID=66761vf=1 (accessed solemn 10,2010)Glaister, D. 2006. California sues car firms for global warming. The Guardian. http//www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2006/sep/21/usnews.travelsenvironmentalimpact (August 10,2010)Hodges, A. 2009. Toyota Prius Battery Harms Environment. NewsOXY. http//www.newsoxy.com/articles/toyota-prius-battery-harms-environment.html (accessed August 8,2010)Merchant, B. 2009. Toyota Engineers New Flower Species to Absorb Emissions at Prius Factories. TreeHugger. http//www.treehugger.com/files/2009/10/toyota-engineers-new-flower-species-absorb-emissions-prius.php (accessed August 10,2010)Prius Outdoes Hummer in Environmental Damage. 2007. EV World, n.d. http//www.evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=14582 (accessed Augus t 7, 2010)Richard, M.G. 2005. Should we be Worried About Hybrid-Car Batteries? TreeHugger. http//www.treehugger.com/files/2005/06/should_we_be_wo_1.php (accessed August 9, 2010)Toyota Europe. n.d. http//www.toyota-europe.com/corporate/environment/360-approach/end-of-the-road.aspx (accessed August 9, 2010)Toyota Motor Corporation. n.d. http//www.toyota.co.jp/en/index.html (accessed August 7, 2010)Toyota Motor Corporation Australia Limited. n.d. http//treeday.toyota.com.au/tree-day-home (accessed August 23, 2010)Tree Day. 2010. http//treeday.planetark.org/about/ (accessed August 23, 2010)

Extranet Infrastructure For Hospital Chains Information Technology Essay

Extranet Infrastructure For hospital Chains Information Technology Essay net incomeing and meshwork has revolutionized the sum of converse and has make this world a small family. Mevery businesses have developed on the basis of Internet and have attained huge succeeder by adopting to advanced technology in sensible manner. This assignment deals with profits infrastructure implementation in a chain of hospitals. This assignment is divided into unlike sections starting from implementation of type of web with OSI transmission control protocol/IP implementation at different beds of infrastructure. Then it too includes the type of ironwargon / softwargon indispensable for implementation and also the most important part i.e. implementation of security policy.1.0 Type of NetworkType of meshwork required to be chosen is a tedious task. Different types of network designs, are categorized based on their scope or scale. Network industry referes to each type of design as some kind o f area network. Choosing an area network requires in-depth requirement analysis and cost analysis. There are different types of network in stock(predicate) such aslocal area network Local Area NetworkMAN Metropolitan Area NetworkWAN Wide Area NetworkSAN Storage Area NetworkWLAN receiving set Local Area Network.CAN Campus Area NetworkPAN Personal Area NetworkDAN Desk Area NetworkThese all types of network are chosen in different types of situations. Conside large number the scenario of the chain of hospitals having 25 computers different types of options are availableIf the hospitals are situated in a city consequently MAN merchant ship be implemented that can be apply to associate different hospitals and LAN for confederation inside each hospital.If the hospitals are disperse in different cities or countries then WAN is required to connect two different hospitals and again LAN can be used for connection inside each hospital.SAN can be used to transfer large amounts of info between computer and storage elements.JustificationSince PAN and DAN are networks of neat distances, it is not used to implement in this kind of scenario. CAN spans all LANs and since this is a matter of only 25 computers it is not a wise last to implement CAN and neither cost effective. WLAN can be implemented but as communication become wireless there also comes into draw security concerns which becomes costly. Since the hospital deals with lot of patients and huge amounts of data it is necessary to implement SAN since it will make data transfer more secure and robust. regional anatomy for LAN connectionNow since the connection between hospitals is decided, next stagecoach of concern is the connection inside each hospital.The computers in a LAN can be affiliated in several paths. These different ways of connection is referred to as regional anatomy. There are several topologies such asBus sense experienceTreeRing networkSource (GeoSig, 2009)Each and e very(prenominal) reg ional anatomy has its own advantages and disadvantages. Sometimes there is also mixed topology called HYBRID topology that is used, which is the implementation of two or more topologies. Here in this scenario, the best configuration to use is mesh topology or besiege topology.JustificationMesh topology ensures robust and secure data communication since each all computers are attached by dedicated links. Also its secure since the message displace to the intended recipient only sees it. Hence mesh topology is ideal for secure and effective communication. The only disadvantage being amount of cabling causing an amplify in number of I/O ports.In secernate to be cost effective ring topology is also advisable. Since in case of ring topology there is point to point line configuration only and hence amount of cabling is reduced. Also it is very easy to reinstall and reconfigure. Fault closing off is also achieved because in a ring there is a show that is circulating every time. Hence i f a device does not receive signal for a certain amount of time it can issue an alarm which can alert the networker to the problem and location. The only disadvantage is that break in the ring such as a disabled station causes the entire network to become disable. Although this disadvantage can be overcome by using twofold ring or switch that is capable of closing this break.Other types of topologies are not taken into account for following reasonsIn case of bus topology the cable length is limited to few number of computers and also modification in number of computers, rupture isolation and reconfiguration is tedious task.In case of head teacher topology the failure of central hub caused the whole network to fail which is a very serious disadvantage.Tree topology is very much like the admirer topology. It has two types of hubs instead of one as in star. But failure of any one type of hub results in failure of that whole network.Therefore the recommended network type for implem entation is to adopt WAN or MAN for wider communication and LAN and Mesh/Ring topology for local communication.A basic LAN consists of the following components.Two or more computers.Network Interface card or LAN Card in each PC.Ethernet cable (Cat5, UTP/SPT) cable to connect the two computers.A hub, switch or router to route or direct the network traffic.Software for the communication/computer networking.The alternate technologies to Ethernet are Token Ring, which is used in the Ring Topologies networks. Token Ring is designed by the IBM and ATM. In ATM networking, devices are connected with each other over a very large distance (thus forms the WAN), and behaves like LANs.2.0 OSI and transmission control protocol/IP degree ImplementationOSI an abbreviation for Open System Interconnection model was developed by ISO for facilitating communication across all types of computer systems. The purpose of OSI model is to facilitate communication regardless of their underlying architecture i .e. without requirement of changing the logic of underlying hardware and bundle. It is built of seven layers as followsPhysical spirit level 1Data Link Layer 2Network Layer 3Transport Layer 4 academic session Layer 5Presentation Layer 6Application Layer 7TCP/IP is an abbreviation for Transmission retard Protocol/ Internetworking Protocol. The TCP/IP protocol suite was developed before the development of OSI model. Therefore the layers are not an exact match with the OSI model. The suite is made up of 5 layersPhysical Layer 1Data Link Layer 2Network Layer 3Transport Layer 4Application Layer 5OSI layer Recommended hardware and softwareHardwarePhysical LayerIt defines all the components such as electrical, mechanical and all types of hardware for sending and receiving data, all physical aspects.such as fibre optic cables (since SAN is used), cards etc. The bit stream is conveyed at electrical and mechanical level. The characteristics defined by the physical layer areVolt age levelsTiming of impulsesPhysical data ratesMax transmission distancePhysical connectors.The implementation of physical layer can be classified as either LAN or WAN specifications.Data Link LayerThe data link layer is trustworthy to define the format of the data and ensure its reliable transfer. It facilitates frame synchronization, protocol management, flow control and also handles all errors in physical layer. There are 2 sublayersMAC Media Access ControlLLC Logical Link ControlMAC is accountable for two devices to uniquely identify each other man LLC is responsible for managing communication over a single link of network.The hardware that operate at this layer are Hubs and Switches.Network LayerNetwork layer provides facility of switching, congestion control, routing and error handling. The protocol operating at this layer is called IP i.e. Internetworking Protocol and it defines the the way of determining route selection systematically. In order to facilitate thi, Routers operate at this layer that determines the way of forwarding packets.Transport LayerAt the transport layer data is segmented into packets for transferring across the network. The blend of this layer is to provide flow control, error chiping and recovery and multiplexing.This layer makes use of protocols such as TCP i.e Transport Control Protocol and UDP i.e. User Datagram Protocol.Session LayerSession layer is responsible for dealing with session and connectin co-ordination. Its function is to establish, manage and terminate communication session. The protocols functioning in this layer are contrasted Procedure Call (RPC), Zone Information Protocol (ZIP), Appletalk, Session Control Protocol (SCP).PresentationThis layer is responsible for coding and conversion of data from masking to network format. It makes sure that the data of application layer is readable by the application layer of other system. It contains software used for encryption of data and thereby providing compatibil ity between systems.Application LayerThis layer is completely responsible for the software applications. The main function is to identify the communication partners and determine the availability of resources and also synchronizing communication. It provides end user services such as e-mails, file transfer, virtual terminal entre and network management.The softwares required to be implemented is discussed by and by the TCP/IP network model. Some of the examples implemented in application layer are File Transfer Protocol(FTP), Telnet and Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP).TCP/IP Network ModelThe physical and data link layer performs similar to OSI model.Physical and Data linkIt defines all drivers and NIC (Network Interface Card)Network LayerIt handles basic communication and protocols operating at this layer are IP, ARP, IGMP and ICMP.Transport LayerHandles the flow of data and segments data into packets over network. TCP and UDP operate in this layer.Application LayerIt handle s data of end user applications. Frequently used TCP/IP applications includes Telnet, SMTP, SNMP, DNS, NTP, Traceroute, RIP and NFS.Recommended SoftwaresThe softwares required for communication over intranet areWindows 7 OSUnixWareRemote backcloth connnectionLan MessengerJustificationThe OS recommended is Windows 7 since it is the latest and fastest OS as compared to previous versions of Microsoft. Remote backdrop connection is required to be establised in order to connect the computer over LAN or WAN. UnixWare provides facility of data communication over WAN. It establishes point to point links thereby facilitating fast transfer. SAN network also requires fast and efficient data communication that also can be achieved by usage of this software. Lan Messenger or a system that is uniformly implemented on all computers should be purchased.3.0 IT PolicyMain purpose of the IT policy verbalize is to define a framework on how to protect the Hospitals computer systems, network and all data contained within, or aditible on or via these systems from all threats whether internal, external, reflect or accidental.It is the policy of institution is to ensure thatAll central computer systems and information contained within them will be protected against any unauthorised access or use.Information kept in these systems is managed securely, should comply withrelevant data protection laws in a professional and proper way.All members of the hospital are aware that it is the part of their duty to abide by this policy.All employees (computer users ) accept total responsibility adhering to and implementing this policy within their service areas.The integrity and confidentiality of all central computer systems accessible on or via these systems is the responsibility of Computing go.All regulatory and legislative requirements regarding computer security and information confidentiality and integrity will be met by Computing Services and the hospital regulatory bodies.All breac hes of security will be reported to and investigated by a nominated security coordinator usually within Computing Services and hospital regulatory bodies.The primary role of the Hospital function regarding medication and search is not hindered.2. Statement of Authority, Scope and ResponsibilitiesIn addition all users have a responsibility to report promptly (to Computing Services or Hospitals regulatory bodies) any incidents which may have a security significance to the Hospital.3. The Computing EnvironmentComputing Services(under the guidance of hospital regulatory bodies) plan, maintain and operate a range of central reckon servers, mettle network switches, edge network switches, ease systems, and the overall network infrastructure interconnecting these systems.The computing environment is defined as all central computing resources and network infrastructure managed and overseen by Computing Services and all computing devices that can physically connect, and have been authori sed to connect, to this environment. All are covered by this policy, including computing hardware and software, any Hospital related data residing on these machines or accessible from these machines within the campus network environment and any media such as CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs and backup tapes that may at times be accessible..Computing Services also considers all temporary and permanent connections via the Hospital network, casual laptop docking points, the Wireless network, the Virtual Private Network and the RAS modem pools to be subject to the provisions of this policy.Computing resources not owned by the Hospital may be connected to the Hospitals network. However, all such resources must function in accordance with Hospitals regulations governing the use of computing resources.Computing Services reserves the right to monitor, log, collect and learn the content of all transmissions on networks maintained by both Computing Services and individual departments and organisations at a ny time deemed necessary for performance and fault diagnostic purposes. Any network monitoring will be performed in accordance with the Computer Systems Scanning and Monitoring Policy. It is the right of computing service to check or monitor any employees login without prior content.4. Physical SecurityComputing Services provides a secure machine room with protected power arrangements and mood controlled environment. Primarily for the provision of central computing and network facilities individual departments and, if appropriate, individuals are encouraged to make use of the facility for applicable teaching or research projects.Any computer equipment in general office environment should be within physically secure rooms outside of general office hours.Desktop machines in public areas should contain a device or mechanism for securing and protecting the main components and contents of the computer from theft.The above is in accordance with The Hospitals indemnity policy .5. Access t o SystemsComputer and network systems access is only via individual user accounts. Please refer to the user accounts policy for further details and account eligibility.5.1 EmailAccounts provide access to email facilities. Use of email is governed by Computing Services email policy.5.2 File StorageAll users have access to the centrally managed file storage. Use of the file storage is governed by Computing User file storage policy,It should be appreciated for most applications the security of files on the server is considered to be adequate. However files held on a Network File Server (NFS) should never be considered completely secure. For this reason Computing Services do not recommend that you hold sensitive information such as exam papers or results on the central server (or on any NFS file server for that matter).5.3 The WebAll users have the right to publish their own web pages under the appropriate subdomain of bath.ac.uk. Individual users will be responsible for content in thes e areas and the Hospital reserves the right to remove access to any worldly which it deems inappropriate, illegal or offensive. Users should not in any way use their personal web space for commercial purposes.Users shall not in any way use personal web space to publish material which deliberately undermines IT security at the Hospital or elsewhere. Users shall not publish any information regarding open accounts, passwords, PINs, illegally obtained software licenses, hacking tools, common security exploits or similar unless there are specific and legitimate reasons to do so. E.G in order to demonstrate a problem to enable a fix, or similar.5.4 Internet AccessThe campus network is connected to the Internet via SWERN and JANET. Computing Services operate and maintain a firewall with the aim of protecting the campus network and Computer systems from unauthorised or illegal access or attack from the external environment.5.5 Campus NetworkIndividuals must seek permission from local supp ort representatives before connecting any machine to the LAN. extra attention must be paid to the Host connection and IP Address Allocation policy before any connection is made. Computing Services may disconnect any unauthorised host from the network without warning if discovered.6. Remote Access to SystemsRemote access is defined as accessing systems from a physically separate network. This may includeConnections direct across the InternetVPN ConnectionsDirect dial connections to the RAS (Remote Access Service)Any user with a valid Hospital computer account may access systems as appropriate. Remote access is allowed via secure methods only. Remote connections to any campus IT services are subject to the same rules and regulations, policies and practices plainly as if they were physically on the campus.Computing Services shall provide the only VPN and dial-in service that can be used. All connections via these services will be logged. No other remote access service shall be instal led or set up, including single modems connected to servers or workstations. Any active dial-in services found to be in existence will be removed from the network.7. Data SecurityThe Hospital holds a variety of sensitive data including personal information closely students and staff. If you have been given access to this information, youare reminded of your responsibilities under data protection law.You should only take a copy of data outside the Universitys systems if absolutely necessary, and you should kick out all other options before doing so. This includes putting sensitive data onto laptops, memory sticks, cds/dvds orinto emails. If you do need totake data outside the University, this should only be with the authorisation of the Universitys data protection officer. As part of this you should perform a risk assessment on the implications of it falling into the wrong hands, and take appropriate stairs to mitigate against this. This will almost certainly include encrypting the information, and checking the data protection statements of any recipients of the data.There are a variety of methods of remote access to systems available (in particular using VPN and remote desktop or terminal services) whichallow you to work on data in-situ rather than taking it outside the University, and these should always be used in preference to taking data off-site.Computing Servicesoffers a variety ofinformation and support to help you keep data secure.Ifyou are uncertain about any aspect of data security, you must contact us for advice.8. Anti-Virus SecurityComputing Services will provide operator by which all users can download and install current versions of site-licensed virus protection software.Users must ensure that they are running with adequate and up-to-date anti-virus software at all times. If any user suspects viral infection on their machine, a complete virus scan should be performed. If Computing Services abide by a machine behaving abnormally due to a pos sible viral infection it will disconnected from the network until deemed safe. Reconnection will usually be after liaison with the

Gran Torino 2008 Film Studies Essay

granny knot Torino 2008 Film Studies EssayClint Eastwood. A legend in the film industry. Born on the 31st of May in 1930, he began directing in 1971 and producing in 1982. Famous for his roles in the Dollars Trilogy, the Dirty Harry films, Unforgiven and Million Dollar Baby, his name is synonymous with masculinity. He has 7 youngsterren from 5 different women where only 2 of whom, each were at one point his wife.In December 2008, Gran Torino was released and distributed by strugglener Brothers. The movie tells a story of Walt Kowalski (Clint Eastwood), a cauc Asiatic veteran of the Korean War. Walt is the spitting image of the generic racist American war veteran who sits outside his house with a 12 grass shotgun firmly pointed at immigrants with a southern drawl. Clint Eastwoods portrayal of Walt is true to this generic image albeit as the story progresses, his attitude towards his neighbours softens. Walts most prized possession is his Gran Torino, a classic muscle car.The film begins with Walt Kowalski mourning silently the passing of his wife. Living alone, his two sons do not get along well with their father. old age later, Walts neighbours son, Thao (Bee Vang), tries to steal his car as part of a gang initiation ceremony. Walt foils this attempt with his semi-automatic rifle from his war days. Thaos family is grateful towards Walts actions that saved Thao from a lifetime in the gang. Walt takes it upon himself to set Thao on the right path. only when when Thaos sister, Sue (Ahney Her) is assaulted by the same gang who tried to recruit Thao, Walt is forced to take action.Walts rifle from the Korean War is symbolic of his past deeds. It represents the acts of violence and aggression he perpetrated during his days of service. Shut the fuck up You want to know what its like to kill a universe? Well its goddamn awful, thats what it is. The only thing worse is getting a medal of valour for killing some poor kid that wanted to however give up, thats all. Yeah, some scared little gook just like you. I shot him right in the face with that rifle you were holding in there a while ago. Theres not a day goes by that I dont think about it. You dont want that on your soul. yet I got melodic line on my hands. Im soiled. Thats why Im going it alone tonight. Walt is a man who is tortured by his past. Walts Gran Torino and his dog, Daisy are the only source of happiness and comfort for him previous to him befriending his Hmong neighbours.At the beginning of the movie, Walts distaste for the asian bulk is in truth apparent. He refers to them as gooks most of the time. However, as the film progresses, he realises that he is closer to his asian neighbours than he is to his feature family. God, I got more(prenominal) in common with these gooks than I do with my own spoiled-rotten family. Jesus. Happy birthday. At one point in the movie, Walt becomes so close to Thaos family that hes seen grilling some steak in his backyard with Thao, Sue and T haos date. Walts resourcefulness is apparent as he has a garage filled with tools that according to him took 50 old age to put together. He sees Thaos interest in them and gifts to him a lubricant, duct tape and a visier grip. He later goes on to to help toughen Thao up by teaching him how to talk like a man. Walt crimson goes so far as to help Thao secure a job at a grammatical construction site and purchase tools for him to kickstart his independence.In order to show their appreciation of Walts help towards Thao, the local Hmong community frequently brings food to him. At first, Walt is reluctant to accept the gifts. only when as they persist, he gives in after tasting and falling in love with the flavorful Hmong food. The Hmong shaman reads Walt and tells him that he is not respected by people and that he carries a heavy burden. Upon hearing this, Walt becomes visibly shaken and begins coughing blood.Every instance that Walt was about to take aggressive action, a military the med tick beat would follow. This use of music indicated to the audience that Walt was about to undertake something alpha. The military drum beat also brings to mind a sense of patriotism that Walt has towards his country. This is raise illustrated by the large American flag on his porch. The overall colour used throughout the movie is a dull green. This is reflective of the calm whole step of the movie with the exception of the times during confrontation when it is usually dark.Thaos character at the beginning of the film is a passive one. He seldom talks and even when he does, he speaks with a soft tone. This can be attributed to his sisters role as the dominant figure in the house. Thao is regarded as feminine even by his own family. Needless to say, Walt despises Toad as he calls him. Yeah Yum Yum yeah nice girl nice girl, very charming girl I talked with her yeah. But you, you just let her walk out right out with the Three Stooges. And you know why? Cause youre a big fat pus sy. Well, I gotta go. proper day, pusscake. As the film progresses, Walt gradually succeeds in toughening Thao up. At one point, Thao stands up for himself when he encounters the Hmong gang while going home from work.Though Thao may be weak willed, he is definitely a kind and helpful boy intent on helping others. At one point in the film, when a caucasian lady drops her groceries on the sidewalk, a group of 3 Hmong teenagers notice but do not help. Instead they make lewd gestures. Thao however rushes to care the lady much to the surprise of Walt who was watching intently.Some of the issues discussed in the movie are that of racism, multiculturalism and religion. In terms of racism, Walt is racist towards every non caucasian person in the film. Though he mostly keeps it to himself, sometimes his outburts contain racial slurs. Walts neighbourhood is also assumed to be a previously white dominant one. But as immigrants moved in, more people of other races settled down there. Particul arly the Hmong people. The movie intends to show audiences that racism can be overcome by intellect. This is apparent when Walt saves Sue from some African American thugs. When Sue is in the car conversing with Walt, he tells her that shes alright. From then on, the relationship between Walt and Thaos family improves and they become close allies.Multiculturalism is an important facial expression of this film as various races can be seen and traditions of the races are also portrayed. When Walt is invited for lunch at Thaos house for a celebration, he pats a child on her head. This act is seen as disrespectful in Hmong culture. In the scene where Sue is ambushed by the African Americans, she is seen to be dating a caucasian teen. During Walts confer to the doctor, in the waiting room, people from various races can be seen as well. Theres Walt, a caucasian, an African American lady, an Indian lady with a traditional dress, a presumably Mexican man, an Arabian nurse with a headdress and an asian doctor. The film intends to educate the viewers that the American landscape is fast changing where once Walts neighbourhood used to be predominantly White, it is a rarity to see a caucasian.In terms of religion, Walt is a catholic though not a devout one. His take on faith is insouciant and of disdain.Father Janovich Why didnt you call the police?Walt Kowalski Well you know, I prayed for them to come but nobody answered. objet dart talking to Father Janovich, he calls the priest a young 27 year old virgin. By the end of the movie though, he appears to reconnect with his religious grow as he attends confession.The movie doesnt appear to lean to either to matriarchy or patriarchy. Though the values of the different cultures are quite apparent. In the Hmong culture, a lot of family members can be seen congregating. Communication is generally open and inclusive. Whereas for the western culture as seen in Walts family, the viewer can see a family which is move out and on bad terms. Walts sons dont pay much attention to their father and only contact him when they want something. In terms of respect, the Hmong people generally are more respectful towards their elders. But in the case of Walts grandkids, the granddaughter smoked a cigarette in Walts house.There are a few film techniques used in the film that are noteworthy. When Walt is confronting the gangs house at night towards the end of the film, an estblishing wide shot is used showing Walt approach the house. The lighting at this point is very low-key, only highlighting what the audience needs to see. Faint background noises such as a barking dog, and crickets can be heard in the distance leash the viewer to assume that the location is one which is seldom visited.When the gang members begin talking to Walt, the camera cuts to a wide shot of him. From the houses behind him in the background, inquisitive neighbours can be seen coming out of their rooms. In the next few moments, a few more shots of neighbours coming out of their houses can be seen to progress emphasise the point that the whole scenario is being scrutinised. At this point, the gang leader draws his weapon, but Walt keeps insulting them, determined to carry out his plan unfazed. He insists on defending his neighbours. This is the point where the viewers see that deep beneath the grouchy exterior, Walt is a genuinely good man.The movie overall was a refreshing diversity from the regular action films which lack depth and substance. Gran Torino has enough action to maintain the male audience attention while catering to the emotional aspect as well via good character development and storyline. The touching scenes in the film truly can impact the viewer and make them question their own attitudes towards culture and racism and doing whats right. Where at first the viewer is antagonistic towards Walt, they come to appreciate is gruffness and empathise with him and feel genuine sadness when he sacrifices his life i n the end.

Urbanization in Africa Essay examples -- Development, Urban Trend

Urbanization is the movement from a rural society to an urban society, and involves a ontogeny in the number of people in urban welkins. Urban growth is increasing in both the developed but mostly in the develop countries. Urbanization is associated with the problems of unemployment, poverty, bad health, poor cleanliness, urban slums environmental deprivation. This causes a very big problem for these developing countries and who are some of poorest countries. Africa urbanisation is not as big as most developing countries but is on the rise for it outbursts in metropolis growth lately. (Saundry, 2008). In Africa, one important feature of the urbanization process is that a lot of the growth is taking place in the industrial increase. Urbanization also finds expression in external expansion of the built-up area and the changing of prime agricultural lands into residential and industrial uses (Saundry, 2008). An alternate to the present expansion of the urban population across a wide area of the region in order to save crucial land for agriculture is to construct high-rise buildings and support commercial increment in specific zones, which would depend on efficiency, and the right technology and resources (Hanson, 2011). In Africa, the urbanization processes are largely driven by market forces and government policies. This will lead to methods at the same snip of change in incomes, land use, health and natural resources management including water, soil and forests and often reactive changes in local governments (The Economist, 2010). So this is saying that government development policies and budget divisions, in which urban residents are often favorites over rural areas and will tend to pull more people into the urban areas. I... ...population distribution knowing to reduce the rate of rural-urban migration appears to have had limited success in many developing countries. Policies must be directed at altering the rural economy in order to slow th e rate of urban sprawl. Broad land use planning and changing of planning standards and governmental procedures would go a want way to reduce many of the problems that face urban populations in the developing areas, especially Africa. Urbanization tummy cause a lot of problems for a city or even a country. It fanny cause cities to become overpopulated which are known as mega-cites, and cause problems with living arrangements and finding a job. Urbanization can also cause health problems. Urbanization is supposed to be good for developing countries on the rise but with this rapid growth in Africa, these problems can become a major concern in the future.

Techno †Cihuatl: The Birth of a Modern Mexican Female. :: Culture Cultural Mexico Papers

Techno Cihuatl The Birth of a Modern Mexican FemaleI learned about computers and applied science a fiddling at a time, from simple games, to web building and heavy use of applications. Some of the knowledge came form a school setting most of it I acquired from trial and error and by a friends teachings I overcame the limitations of growing up in a Third-World country (Mexico) with little access to technology and tried to keep up with its changes as time went by. My country has had a love-hate relationship with the US for a long time. Within the huge Mexican center of attention class there are different opinions regarding the US way of life. While some people crave to have e actually single item of gringo-wealth such(prenominal) as electronics, clothing and even food, some others are deeply concerned about the loss of identity deculturalization and hegemony that US-like culture has brought to Mexico. This phenomenon is particularly clear among the generation born(p) in the sevent ies, especially women. Young Mexicanas that are now in their middle twenties are torn apart between two worlds First, the technology impelled college education and work that are the symbols of US - imported woman liberation. Second, the motherhood housewife roles traditionally imposed on them by the Mexican culture along with their religious, mystical, and cultural implications. Instead of marrying both ideas into a nice middle term, Mexican nightclub (which is still a male dominated environment) tends to relegate them apart any you become a housewife, or a professional. I consider that these extremes are always detrimental. I was the firstly-born of a young couple fresh out of college. My parents belonged to the first generation of Mexicans that lost their political innocence (and correctness) with the students riots of 68 they were rebels by nature. My mother was a biochemical engineer in a society where women were supposed to be teachers or housewives. My father was the onl y one out of five sibling who finished college, and he worked in a transnational firm, which was very odd at the time. Unlike most of our relations, we were no strangers of technology, mainly because we imported many appliances from California, where my uncles lived. We had a black and white TV my father listened music apply certain tapes that looked like Nintendo cartridges and he also had acetate discs, we had no telephone, but we were the first family in our block to get a microwave.